廣東省惠州第八中學(xué)(516000) 石惠蓮
英語(yǔ)句子大多謂語(yǔ)在主語(yǔ)之后，稱(chēng)之為正常語(yǔ)序，反之則稱(chēng)作倒裝語(yǔ)序。按形式分類(lèi)，倒裝語(yǔ)序分為部分倒裝與全部倒裝，按原因分又分為語(yǔ)法倒裝與修辭倒裝。語(yǔ)法倒裝是出于語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或慣用句型的需要而實(shí)施的，一般不可以更改；而修辭倒裝則出于為了加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣，生動(dòng)文體、平衡句子或承上啟下等修辭目的，也可以改作正常語(yǔ)序。如：At the monment in came a policeman ,改作A policeman came in at the moment,究竟是使用部分倒裝還是使用完全倒裝要根據(jù)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)或修辭的需要來(lái)定，簡(jiǎn)述如下。
一、語(yǔ)法倒裝
1、多數(shù)疑問(wèn)句要倒裝。如：
Do you speak English or French?
Note 1.主語(yǔ)是疑問(wèn)詞或主語(yǔ)被疑問(wèn)詞修飾時(shí)，該疑問(wèn)句是正常語(yǔ)序。如：
Who will give me a hand?
How many students attended the party?
Notes 2.間接引語(yǔ)的疑問(wèn)句不能倒裝。如：
She asked me where I was going.
Notes 3.口語(yǔ)中以正常語(yǔ)序出現(xiàn)的疑問(wèn)句常常兼有猜測(cè)，驚奇、懷疑等語(yǔ)氣，如：
1)You live here ?(猜測(cè)且期待對(duì)方肯定回答)。
2)You have lost your son ?(驚奇，懷疑)。
3) --I saw Jim yesterday.
--You saw Jim ?(未聽(tīng)清對(duì)方話(huà)而重新發(fā)問(wèn))
2、美國(guó)英語(yǔ)以一般疑問(wèn)句型表示感嘆。如：
Isn't it cold!
有些規(guī)范的感嘆句由于主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)部分倒裝。如：
How sweet the air is and how green seemed the familiar field of my native land !
3.在there引起的存在句中。如：
There will be a film today.
4.在省去了if的非真實(shí)條件句中。如：
Should anyone call ,tell him to wait for me here.
5.在表祝愿的句子中。如：
May you succeed!
6.在某些表示祈使的慣用句型中，如：
Mind you ,the meeting will begin at 8:00.
二、修辭倒裝
1、在副詞here,there引起的句中。如：
There comes our teacher.
但主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)，卻不能倒裝。如：
Here you are .(稍帶感嘆意味)。
2.以副詞Now,Then引起的句子且謂語(yǔ)詞是come,follow等時(shí)要倒裝。如：
Then followed another knock at the door.
Now comes your turn.
3.在“The more ……the more”句型中的第二部分中，如果表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，必須倒裝。如：
The farther we advanced, the more difficulties did we meet .但通常情況下無(wú)須倒裝。如：
The more you study,the more you understand.
4.在某些讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中。如：
Try as he may ,he won't pass the test.
此類(lèi)型as引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句，如果謂語(yǔ)連系動(dòng)詞加表語(yǔ)，常常只須表語(yǔ)前置，而連系動(dòng)詞仍在主語(yǔ)之后，無(wú)須倒裝。如：
Pround as the noble are ,he is afraid to see me.
如果此類(lèi)從句的主語(yǔ)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，則仍須倒裝。
如：Young as are the children you look after,they are very clever.
5.在直接引語(yǔ)后面或中間的“某人說(shuō)”短語(yǔ)常用倒裝。如“What are you doing here ?”shouted a bird.
但如果該短語(yǔ)主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞或謂語(yǔ)帶有賓語(yǔ)，或謂語(yǔ)部分過(guò)長(zhǎng)則不能倒裝。如：
1)“I'm going to Beijing tomorrow.”father told me.
2)“What do you mean ?”he asked.
3)“Come to me at once.”she said in a whisper.
6.如前句所述情形也適合下句主語(yǔ)，為免重復(fù)而使用的So,或Neithe,Nor簡(jiǎn)略句中。如：
She didn't like the film ,Neither/Nor did we.
You like English ,so does every one of us.
但是So后句子如果表示對(duì)上句的贊同，重復(fù)或驚奇時(shí)，So句就不可以倒裝。如：
1)Della could do nothing but lie dow and weep and so she did .(重復(fù)且主語(yǔ)為同一人)。
2)--You women can do what men do.
--So we can.(主語(yǔ)相同表示贊同).
3)--You forget your bag when you left.
--Good heavens !So l did.（驚奇）
7.否定詞not,never,little,seldom,hardly…when,no sooner…than,rarely,nowhere等位于句首時(shí)，語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)烈，必須倒裝。如：
1)Never(before)have I seen an elephant
2)Not until midnight did it stop snowing.
8.only修飾的狀語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)，必須倒裝。如：
Only then did he realize that he was wrong.
9.程度副詞well,頻度副詞often,many a time位于句首時(shí)，為了文體生或強(qiáng)調(diào)，必須倒裝。如：
Ofen have I hoped to visit you.
10.方向副詞on,in,out,down,up,away等位于句首，且主語(yǔ)是外詞、謂語(yǔ)是vi時(shí)。如：
Down came the hammer,Out flew the sparks.
但主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)則不倒裝。如：
Down he fell.
11.表地點(diǎn)的介詞短詞位于句首時(shí)。如：
From the distance came a group of dogs.
12.表語(yǔ)提前引起倒裝。如：
Such was his fear that he couldn't sleep at night.
但主語(yǔ)是人稱(chēng)代詞時(shí)則不能把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞提前。如：
A strange place it is.但被提前的表語(yǔ)adj前再加so，則一律要求倒裝。如
So angry was she that she could hardly say a word.
13.賓語(yǔ)提前也可能引起倒裝。如：
Not a word,however,did she say about herself.