分詞有現(xiàn)在分詞（the Present Participle）和過(guò)去分詞（the Past Participle），在句中充當(dāng)定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
一、分詞的形式
1.現(xiàn)在分詞
現(xiàn)在分詞 Vt. (write) Vi. (go)
主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
一般式
完成式
Eg.) He hurried home, ______ (look) behind at times.
_______ (tell) many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
_______ (not get) well prepared, they decided to put off the meeting.
________ (never operate) a computer, he met with a lot of difficulties.
2.過(guò)去分詞---一般表示完成的和被動(dòng)的動(dòng)作,只有一種形式, 即:動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞
3.否定形式---not +分詞
二、分詞的句法功能:
1. 作表語(yǔ)：
現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ):一般表示主動(dòng)或主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)和特征, “令人……”的意思, 主語(yǔ)多數(shù)情況是sth.
過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ): 一般表示被動(dòng)或說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)情感心理上的感受, “感到……的”,主語(yǔ)多數(shù)情況是sb.
exciting, excited
annoying, annoyed
amazing, amazed
amusing, amused
astonishing, astonished
boring, bored
confusing, confused
disappointing, disappointed
encouraging, encouraged
embarrassing, embarrassed
frightening, frightened;
inspiring, inspired
eg.) 1.The result was _______ (surprising, surprised)
They were _______ (surprising, surprised) at the news.
2.作定語(yǔ)： (單詞前置, 分詞短語(yǔ)后置；修飾代詞時(shí)后置)
A. 現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作;過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作。
boiling water, boiled water;
developing country, developed country;
falling leaves, fallen leaves
rising sun, risen sun, etc.
B. 表示情感心理的Vt的分詞可修飾名詞,作前置定語(yǔ)。
Eg.) He told us the ________ (exciting, excited) news.
The _______ (exciting, excited) pupils jumped with joy.
注意: 過(guò)分除修飾sb.以外,還可修飾表示神態(tài)、聲音等的名詞, 說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的心理狀態(tài)。
Eg.) He had a _________ (terrifying, terrified) look in his eyes.
The boy answered in a ________ (frightening, frightened) voice.
C.作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的位置
單個(gè)分詞前置, 分詞短語(yǔ)后置, 修飾代詞時(shí)后置---單個(gè)分詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在它所修飾的名詞前; 分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，一般放在它所修飾的名詞后; 分詞在修飾由some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代詞或those之后
①單個(gè)分詞前置
a neighboring town
an unexpected guest
the exciting news
例外:These plastic bottles used can be recycled. (有時(shí)單個(gè)的分詞放在分詞后面,用于強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作)
Do you know the number of books ordered?
②分詞短語(yǔ)后置
eg.) I don’t know the doctor_____ (seat) at the back.
The goods ______ (import) from abroad yesterday remain in good condition.
③分詞修飾由some/any/no + thing/body/one所形成的不定代詞或those時(shí),分詞在這些詞之后
eg.) Those laughing are considered impolite.
Anyone swimming will be punished.
D. 作定語(yǔ)時(shí), 要注意分詞所表示動(dòng)作的發(fā)生時(shí)間:
① 表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作
eg.) Tell the children ( __ ___ )playing there not to make too much noise.
② 表示經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在/當(dāng)時(shí)的狀態(tài)
eg.) I used to live in a room facing (=___ ____ ) south.
③其他情況,一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ),而用定語(yǔ)從句
eg.)The man who came this morning is our headmaster. (過(guò)去時(shí))
The students who will attend the meeting (=___ attend the meeting) will arrive here tomorrow.
Is there anyone who can answer this question?
Those who have finished their work can go home now. (完成時(shí))
注:現(xiàn)在分詞完成式不能用作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞。
Eg.) The builders having completed the hotel were given prizes. ( )
改為: The builders __ _______completed the hotel were given prizes.
區(qū)別：
the performances being put on at present
the performances put on yesterday
the performances to be put on tomorrow
E.分詞和動(dòng)名詞修飾名詞時(shí)的意義區(qū)別:
a swimming boy, a swimming pool
a walking dictionary, a walking stick
running water, running track
3.作賓語(yǔ)(主語(yǔ))補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
如下V.后可跟分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, notice, observe, catch; have, get, keep, leave, etc.
Eg.)His lecture got us______ (think).
He got his bike ____ (repair) just now.
He watched the bed _____ (carry) out of the door.
He felt a great weight _____ (take ) off his mind. 他感到心頭如釋重負(fù)。
How would you like your hair ___ (cut)?
4.作狀語(yǔ)：---_______________
A.作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：
eg.)①_______ (hear) the bad news, they couldn’t help crying.
= _______________, they couldn’t help crying.
②When/ While( _____ _____ ) ____ (take) around the city, we were deeply impressed by the city’s new look.
While/When (I was) _____ (wander) through the square, I caught sight of a snake-charmer.
③_______ (finish) his work, he went home.
=_____________, he went home.
B.作原因狀語(yǔ)：
Eg.) ①_____ (be poor), he could not afford to travel abroad.
=____________, he could not afford to travel abroad.
________ (encourage) by his heroic deeds, they worked harder.
_______ (lose) in thought, he almost ran into a post.
________ (frighten) by the big forest fire, the animals all ran away.
_____ (not know) her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
②______ (never be) to the city, he soon got lost.
_________ (not receive) his letter, I decided to call him up.
=_____________.
C.方式/伴隨狀語(yǔ);
Eg.)①She watched the film, _____ (weep ) and ___ (sigh).
②The teacher stood there, ______ (surround) by a lot of students.
D.作條件狀語(yǔ)：
Eg.)①______ (give) another chance, I would have done the job far better.
=______________ , I would have done the job far better.
②(If) _____ (play) all day, you will waste your valuable time.
E.作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)：(意料中的結(jié)果)
Eg.)① The hunters fired, _____(shoot) one of the wolves.
②The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus _____ (cause) the delay.
區(qū)別: 不定式表示意外的結(jié)果
eg.) He hurried to the station, only ____ (find) the train had left.
F.作讓步狀語(yǔ)：
Eg.)①Though ____ (rain) heavily, it cleared up very soon.
= _____________, it cleared up very soon.
②Though _____ (tell) of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy.
分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí), 需注意事項(xiàng):
A.分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),它的邏輯主語(yǔ)通常應(yīng)是________ :
____ (see) from the hill, the city is beautiful.
___ (see) from the hill, you can see the whole city.
B.分詞短語(yǔ)的位置:
一般來(lái)說(shuō),時(shí)間,原因,條件,讓步等分詞短語(yǔ)多放在句首;而表結(jié)果,伴隨的分詞短語(yǔ)放在句尾.
Eg.)Finding the door locked, Tom went home. ( _____ )
Tom went home, finding the door locked. （____）