中學語法大全 代詞
目錄
人稱代詞的用法 2
人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換 2
代詞的指代問題 3
并列人稱代詞的排列順序 3
物主代詞 4
雙重所有格 4
反身代詞 4
相互代詞 5
指示代詞 6
疑問代詞 7
關系代詞 8
every, no, all, both,... 9
none, few, some, any,... 10
代詞比較辯異one, that和it 11
one/another/the other 11
"the"的妙用 12
anyone/any one;... 12
both, either, neither,... 13
many, much 14
few, little, a few,... 14
2.1 人稱代詞的用法
1)人稱代詞的主格在句子中作主語或主語補語,例如:
John waited a while but eventually he went home.
約翰等了一會兒,最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
約翰希望那位乘客是瑪麗,還真是她。
說明:在復合句中,如果主句和從句主語相同,代詞主語要用在從句中,名詞主語用在主句中,例如:
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank.
約翰一到就直接去銀行了。
2)人稱代詞的賓格在句子中作賓語或介詞賓語,但在口語中也能作主語補語,第一人稱在省略句中,還可以作主語,例如:
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.
我看到她和他們在一起,至少我認為是她。(her做賓 語,them做介詞賓語,her作主語補語)
a. -- Who broke the vase? --誰打碎了花瓶?
b. -- Me. --我。(me作主語補語= It's me.)
說明:在上面兩例句中,her和me分別作主語補語。現代英語中多用賓格,在正式文體中這里應為she和I。
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2.2 人稱代詞之主、賓格的替換
1) 賓格代替主格
a.在簡短對話中,當人稱代詞單獨使用或在not 后,多用賓語。
---- I like English. --我喜歡英語。
---- Me too. --我也喜歡。
---- Have more wine? --再來點酒喝嗎?
---- Not me. --我可不要了。
b.在表示比較的非正式的文體中,常用賓格代替主格。 但如果比較狀語的謂語保留,則主語只能用主格。
He is taller than I/me.
He is taller than I am.
2) 主格代替賓格
a. 在介詞but,except 后,有時可用主格代替賓格。
b. 在電話用語中常用主格。
---- I wish to speak to Mary. --我想和瑪麗通話。
---- This is she. --我就是瑪麗。
注意:在動詞be 或to be 后的人稱代詞視其前面的名詞或代詞而定。
I thought it was she. 我以為是她。 (主格----主格)
I thought it to be her. (賓格----賓格)
I was taken to be she. 我被當成了她。 (主格----主格)
They took me to be her. 他們把我當成了她。 (賓格----賓格)
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2.3 代詞的指代問題
1)不定代詞 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone, someone, everyone,no one, 及whoever和person在正式場合使用時,可用he, his, him代替。
Nobody came, did he? 誰也沒來,是嗎?
2)動物名詞的指代一般用it或they代替,有時也用he, she,帶有親切的感情色彩。
Give the cat some food. She is hungry. 給這貓一些吃的。她餓了。
3)指代車或國家,船舶的名詞,含感情色彩時常用she。
2.4 并列人稱代詞的排列順序
1) 單數人稱代詞并列作主語時,其順序為:
第二人稱 -> 第三人稱 -> 第一人稱
you -> he/she; it -> I
You, he and I should return on time.
2) 復數人稱代詞作主語時,其順序為:
第一人稱 -> 第二人稱 -> 第三人稱
we -> you -> They
注意: 在下列情況中,第一人稱放在前面。
a. 在承認錯誤,承擔責任時,
It was I and John that made her angry.
是我和約翰惹她生氣了。
b. 在長輩對晚輩,長官對下屬說話時,如長官為第一人稱, 如:I and you try to finish it.
c. 并列主語只有第一人稱和第三人稱時,
d. 當其他人稱代詞或名詞被定語從句修飾時。
2.5 物主代詞
1)物主代詞既有表示所屬的作用又有指代作用,例如:
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk.
約翰割破了手指,顯而易見,他桌子上有個破玻璃杯。
物主代詞有形容詞性(my, your等)和名詞性(mine, yours等)兩種,形容詞性的物主代詞屬于限定詞。
名詞性的物主代詞在用法上相當于省略了中心名詞的 --'s屬格結構,例如:
Jack's cap 意為 The cap is Jack's.
His cap 意為 The cap is his.
2) 名詞性物主代詞的句法功能
a. 作主語,例如:
May I use your pen? Yours works better.
我可以用一用你的鋼筆嗎? 你的比我的好用。
b. 作賓語,例如:
I love my motherland as much as you love yours.
我愛我的祖國就像你愛你的祖國一樣深。
c. 作介詞賓語,例如:
Your should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours.
你應當按我所用的詞義去解釋我說的話,而不能按你自己的意義去解釋。
d. 作主語補語,例如:
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours. 我的生命屬于你,屬于你,屬于你。
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2.6 雙重所有格
物主代詞不可與 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等詞一起前置,修飾一個名詞,而必須用雙重所有格。
公式為:
a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞。如:
a friend of mine.
each brother of his.
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2.7 反身代詞
1) 列表
I you you she he
myself yourself yourselves herself himself
we they it one
ourselves themselves itself oneself
2)做賓語
a. 有些動詞需有反身代詞
absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我們昨晚玩得很開心。
Please help yourself to some fish. 請你隨便吃點魚。
b. 用于及物動詞+賓語+介詞
take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time. 那個時候我不能打扮我自己。
注:有些動詞后不跟反身代詞, get up, sit-down, stand up, wake up等。
Please sit down. 請坐。
3) 作表語; 同位語
be oneself: I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。
4) 在不強調的情況下,but, except, for 等介詞后賓語用反身代詞或人稱代詞賓格均可。如:
No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意:
a. 反身代詞本身不能單獨作主語。
(錯) Myself drove the car.
(對) I myself drove the car. 我自己開車。
b. 但在and, or, nor連接的并列主語中,第二個主語可用反身代詞,特別是myself 作主語。
Charles and myself saw it.
5)第二人稱作賓語,要用反身代詞。
You should be proud of yourself. 你應為自己感到驕傲。
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2.8 相互代詞
1)相互代詞只有each other和one another兩個詞組。他們表示句中動詞所敘述的動作或感覺在涉及的各個對象之間是相互存在的,例如:
It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other.
顯而易見,不同文化的人總是相互借鑒的。
2) 相互代詞的句法功能:
a. 作動詞賓語;
People should love one another. 人們應當彼此相愛。
b. 可作介詞賓語;
Does bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 吠、雞鳴、蛙兒對唱。
說明:傳統語法認為,相互關系存在于兩個人或物之間用each other, 存在于兩個以上人和物之間用one another。現代英語中,兩組詞交替使用的實例也很多,例如:
He put all the books beside each other.
他把所有書并列擺放起來。
He put all the books beside one another.
他把所有書并列擺放起來。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other.
這些小團體通常是相互獨立的。
c. 相互代詞可加-'s構成所有格,例如:
The students borrowed each other's notes.
學生們互借筆記。
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2.9 指示代詞
1) 指示代詞分單數(this / that)和復數(these / those)兩種形式,既可作限定詞又可做代詞,例如:
單數 復數
限定詞:This girl is Mary. Those men are my
teachers.
代詞: This is Mary. Those are my
teachers.
2) 指示代詞的句法功能;
a. 作主語
This is the way to do it.
這事兒就該這樣做。
b. 作賓語
I like this better than that.
我喜歡這個甚至那個。
c. 作主語補語
My point is this.
我的觀點就是如此。
d. 作介詞賓語
I don't say no to that.
我并未拒絕那個。
There is no fear of that.
那并不可怕。
說明1:
指示代詞在作主語時可指物也可指人,但作其他句子成分時只能指物,不能指人,例如:
(對)That is my teacher. 那是我的老師。( that作主語,指人)
(對)He is going to marry this girl. 他要和這個姑娘結婚。(this作限定詞)
(錯)He is going to marry this. (this作賓語時不能指人)
(對)I bought this. 我買這個。(this指物,可作賓語)
說明2:
That和those可作定語從句的先行詞,但this和 these不能,同時,在作先行詞時,只有those可指人,試比較:
(對) He admired that which looked beautiful. 他贊賞外表漂亮的東西。
(對) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的人。(those指人)
(錯) He admired that who danced well. (that作賓語時不能指人)
(對) He admired those who danced well. 他贊賞跳舞好的人。(those指人)
(對) He admired those which looked beautiful. 他贊賞那些外表漂亮的東西。(those指物)
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2.10 疑問代詞
1) 疑問代詞在句中起名詞詞組的作用,用來構成疑問句。疑問代詞有下列幾個:
指 人: who, whom, whose
指 物: what
既可指人又可指物: which
2) 疑問代詞在句中應位于謂語動詞之前,沒有性和數的變化,除who之外也沒有格的變化。what, which, whose還可作限定詞。試比較:
疑問代詞:Whose are these books on the desk?
桌上的書是誰的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion?
美國的領土擴張是朝哪個方向的?
限定詞: Whose books are these on the desk?
桌上的書是誰的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以東的大部分土地歸屬于美國?
說明1:
無論是做疑問代詞還是限定詞,which 和 what 所指的范圍不同。what所指的范圍是無限的,而which則指在一定的范圍內,例如:
Which girls do you like best?
你喜歡哪幾個姑娘?
What girls do you like best?
你喜歡什么樣的姑娘?
說明2:
Whom是who的賓格,在書面語中,它作動詞賓語或介詞賓語,在口語中作賓語時,可用who代替,但在介詞后只能用whom, 例如:
Who(m) did you meet on the street?
你在街上遇到了誰?(作動詞賓語)
Who(m) are you taking the book to?
你要把這書帶給誰?(作介詞賓語,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus?
你在校園里和誰講話了?(作介詞賓語,置介詞 后,不能用who取代。)
說明3:
疑問代詞用于對介詞賓語提問時,過去的文體中介詞和疑問代詞通常一起放在句首,現代英語中,疑問代詞在句首,介詞在句未,例如:
For what do most people live and work?
大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(舊文體)
What are you looking for?
你在找什么?(現代英語)
說明4:
疑問代詞還可引導名詞性從句,例如:
I can't make out what he is driving at.
我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?
你能告訴我床上的藍襯衣是誰的嗎?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you.
你說的我大部分同意,但并不完全贊同。
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2.11 關系代詞
1) 關系代詞用來引導定語從句。它代表先行詞,同時在從句中作一定的句子成分,例如:The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. 跟我講話的姑娘是我表妹。(該句中whom既代表先行詞the girl,又在從句中作介詞to的賓語。)
2) 關系代詞有主格,賓格和屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語從句中,that 可指人也可指物,見下:
限定性 非限定性 限定性
指 人 指 物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
賓 格 whom that that
屬 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如:
This is the pencil whose point is broken.
這就是那個折了尖的鉛筆。
(whose 指物,在限定性定語從句中作定語)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten. 他回來取他丟下的書。
(which指物,在限定性定語從句中作賓語,可以省略)
3) 關系代詞which的先行詞可以是一個句子,例如:
He said he saw me there, which was a lie.
他說在那兒看到了我,純屬謊言。
說明: 關系代詞that在從句中作賓語或表語時可省略, 例如:
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew.
我過去懂拉丁語,現在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was.
他變化很大,已不是過去的他了。
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2.12 every, no, all, both,...
1)不定代詞有
all , both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及some, something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。
2) 不定代詞的功能與用法
a. 除every 和no外不定代詞既可用作名詞,也可用作形容詞。every和no在句中只能作定語。
I have no idea about it.
b. all 都,指三者以上。
all 的主謂一致:all的單復數由它所修飾或指代的名詞的單復數決定。
All goes well. 一切進展得很好。
all 通常不與可數名詞單數連用,如:不說 all the book,而說 the whole book。
但all可與表時間的可數名詞單數連用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但習慣上不說 all hour,all century。
all還可以與一些特殊的單數名詞連用,如 all China, all the city, all my life, all the way
3) both 都,指兩者。
a. both 與復數動詞連用,但 both… and…可與單數名詞連用。
b. both, all 都可作同位語,其位置在行為動詞前, be 動詞之后。如果助動詞或情態動詞后面的實義動詞省 去,則位于助動詞或情態動詞之前。
Who can speak Japanese? We both (all) can.
4) neither 兩者都不
a. neither作主語時,謂語動詞用單數。
b. 作定語與單數名詞連用,但neither… nor 用作并列連詞,可與復數名詞連用。其謂語采用就近原則。
c. 可用于下列句型,避免重復。
She can't sing,neither (can) he.
neither 與nor
d. 如前句是否定式從句,則主句用neither,而不用 nor。
If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。
e. 如后連續有幾個否定句式,則用nor,不用neither。
He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate.
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2.13 none, few, some, any,...
一、 none 無
1) none作主語,多與of 構成短語 none of。 在答語中,none可單獨使用。
Are there any pictures on the wall? None.
2) none作主語,謂語動詞單復數均可。但如做表語,則其單復數與表語一致。
It is none of your business.
二、few 一些,少數
few 作主語時,謂語動詞用復數,多用于肯定句。
三、some 一些
1) 可與復數名詞及不可數名詞連用。
2) 當做"某一"解時,也可與單數名詞連用。(= a certain)
You will be sorry for this some day.
總有一天,你會后悔這件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule.
某些人不同意你的看法。
注意:
(1)在肯定疑問句中用some代替any。
(2)some用于其他句式中:
a. 肯定疑問句中:說話人認為對方的答案會是肯定的,或期望得到肯定回答時。
Would you like句式中,表委婉請求或建議,如:
Would you like some coffee?
b. 在條件狀語從句中表示確定的意義時,如:
If you need some help,let me know.
c. some位于主語部分,
Some students haven't been there before.
d. 當否定的是整體中的部分時,some可用于否定句。如:
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years.
這些年我沒有收到一些老朋友的信。
四、any 一些
1) any 多用于否定句和疑問句和條件狀語從句中。
當句中含有任何的意思時,any可用于肯定句。
Here are three novels. You may read any. 這有三本小說,你可任讀一本。
五、one, ones 為復數形式
ones必須和形容詞連用。如果替代的名詞時無形容詞在前,則用some, any,而不
用ones。
Have you bought any rulers? Yes,I 've bought some.
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2.14 代詞比較辯異one, that和it
one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that與所指名詞為同類,但不是同一個,而it 與所指名詞為同一個。
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one. (不定)
我找不到我的帽子了。我想我該去買一頂。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought. (同類但不同個)
你買的那頂帽子比我買的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it. ( 同一物)
我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。
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2.15 one/another/the other
one… the other 只有兩個
some… the others 有三個以上
one… another,another…
some… others,others…
others = other people/things
the others = the rest 剩余的全部
1) 泛指另一個用another。
2) 一定范圍內兩人(物),一個用one,另一個用the other。
3) 一定范圍內三者,一個用one,另一個用one (another),第三個可用the other,a third。
4) 一定范圍內,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。
5) 泛指別的人或物時,用others當在一定范圍內,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部時,也用others。
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2.16 "the"的妙用
He is one of the students who help me.
He is the one of the students who helps me.
他是幫我的學生之一。
第一句定語從句與the students 一致。
第二句定語從句與the one 一致。
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2.17 anyone/any one;...
1.anyone 和 any one
anyone僅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。
2.no one 和none
a) none 后跟of短語,既可指人又可指物,而no one只單獨使用,只指人。
b) none 作主語,謂語動詞用單,復數均可,而no one作主語謂語動詞只能是單數。
None of you could lift it. 你們中沒有人可舉起它。
---- Did any one call me up just now? --剛才有人打電話給我嗎?
---- No one. --沒有。
3.every 和each
1) every 強調全體的概念, each強調個體概念。
Every student in our school works hard. 我們學校的學生都很用功。
Each student may have one book.. 每個學生都可有一本書。
2) every 指三個以上的人或物(含三個),each指兩個以上的人或物 (含兩個)。
3) every 只作形容詞,不可單獨使用。each可作代詞或形容詞。
Every student has to take one.
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
4) every不可以作狀語,each可作狀語。
5) every 有反復重復的意思,如 every two weeks等; each沒有。
6) every 與not 連用,表示部分否定; each 和not連用表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每個人都誠實。
Each man is not honest. 這兒每個人都不誠實。
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2.18 both, either, neither,...
這些詞都可用作代詞或形容詞。其位置都在be 動詞之后,行為動詞之前或第一助動詞之后。
1) both (兩者都),either(兩者中任何一個), neither (兩者都不)。以上詞使用范圍為兩個人或物。
Neither of the two boys is clever. 兩個男孩都不聰明。
2) both,either
both與復數連用,either與單數連用。
Both the boys are clever. 兩個男孩都很聰明。
Either of the two boys is clever. 兩個男孩都很聰明。
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
(兩岸)
There are flowers on either side of the street.
(岸的兩邊)
路邊長滿了野花。
3) all (所有的,全部的人或物),any (任何一個), none (都不)。 以上詞使用范圍為三者以上。
All the flowers are gone. 所有的花都謝了。
I don't like any of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。
I like none of the flowers. 這些花我都不喜歡。
注意:all與none用法一樣。跟單數名詞,用單數動詞;跟復數名詞,用復數動詞。
All of the students are there.
所有的學生都在那。
All (of) the milk is there.
所有的牛奶都在那。
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2.19 many, much
Many,much都意為"許多", many + 可數名詞,much + 不可數名詞。
How many people are there at the meeting?
How much time has we left?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.
Much of the time was spent on learning.
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2.20 few, little, a few,...
(a) few + 可數名詞, (a) little + 不可數名詞
a few / a little 為肯定含義,還有一點
few / little 為否定含義,沒有多少了。
He has a few friends. 他有幾個朋友。
He has few friends. 他幾乎沒有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我們還有點時間。
There is little time left.幾乎沒剩下什么時間了。
典型例題:
Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案: A. spend所指的是錢,不可數,只能用little或 a little. 本句為although引導的讓步狀語從句,由句意知后句為否定含義,因此應用little表示幾乎不。
固定搭配:
only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold.
Many a book was sold.
賣出了許多書。
中學語法大全 倒裝
目錄
倒裝句之全部倒裝 17
倒裝句之部分倒裝 17
以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝 18
so, either, nor作部分倒裝 18
only在句首要倒裝的情況 19
as, though引導的倒裝句 19
其他部分倒裝 19
2.21 倒裝句之全部倒裝
全部倒裝是只將句子中的謂語動詞全部置于主語之前。此結構通常只用與一般現在時和 一般過去時。常見的結構有:
1) here, there, now, then, thus等副詞置于句首, 謂語動詞常用be, come, go, lie, run。
There goes the bell.
Then came the chairman.
Here is your letter.
2) 表示運動方向的副詞或地點狀語置于句首,謂語表示運動的動詞。
Out rushed a missile from under the bomber.
Ahead sat an old woman.
注意:上述全部倒裝的句型結構的主語必須是名詞,如果主語是人稱代詞則不能完全倒裝。
Here he comes. Away they went.
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2.22 倒裝句之部分倒裝
部分倒裝是指將謂語的一部分如助動詞或情態倒裝至主語之前。如果句中的謂語沒有助動詞或情態動詞,則需添加助動詞do, does或did,并將其置于主語之前。
1) 句首為否定或半否定的詞語,如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, not until… 等。
Never have I seen such a performance.
Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.
Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.
當Not until引出主從復合句,主句倒裝,從句不倒裝。
注意: 如否定詞不在句首不倒裝。
I have never seen such a performance.
The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.
典型例題
1) Why can't I smoke here?
At no time___ in the meeting-room
A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted
C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit
答案A. 這是一個倒裝問題。當否定詞語置于句首以表示強調時,其句中的主謂須用倒裝結構。 這些否定詞包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本題的正常語序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.
2) Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.
A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案D. 看到Not until…的句型,我們知道為一倒裝句,答案在C,D 中選一個。
改寫為正常語序為,Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 現在將not提前,后面就不能再用否定了,否則意思就變了。
2.23 以否定詞開頭作部分倒裝
如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than
Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender.
Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her.
No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.
典型例題
No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.
A. the game began B. has the game begun
C. did the game begin D. had the game begun
答案D. 以具有否定意義的副詞放在句首時,一般采用倒裝句(謂語前置)。這類表示否定意義的詞有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。
注意:只有當Not only… but also連接兩個分句時,才在第一個分句用倒裝結構。如果置于句首的Not only… but also僅連接兩個并列詞語,不可用倒裝結構。
Not only you but also I am fond of music.
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2.24 so, either, nor作部分倒裝
表示"也"、"也不" 的句子要部分倒裝。
Tom can speak French. So can Jack.
If you won't go, neither will I.
典型例題
---Do you know Jim quarrelled with his brother?
---I don't know, _____.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
答案:B. nor為增補意思"也不關心",因此句子應倒裝。A錯在用 don't 再次否定, C neither 用法不對且缺乏連詞。 D缺乏連詞。
注意: 當so引出的句子用以對上文內容加以證實或肯定時,不可用倒裝結構。意為"的確如此"。
Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.
---It's raining hard. ---So it is.
2.25 only在句首要倒裝的情況
Only in this way, can you learn English well.
Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.
如果句子為主從復合句,則主句倒裝,從句不倒裝
Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.
2.26 as, though引導的倒裝句
as / though引導的讓步從句必須將表語或狀語提前 (形容詞, 副詞, 分詞, 實義動詞提前)。
注意:
1) 句首名詞不能帶任何冠詞。
2) 句首是實義動詞, 其他助動詞放在主語后。如果實義動詞有賓語和狀語, 隨實義動詞一起放在主語之前。
Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.
注意:
讓步狀語從句中,有though,although時,后面的主句不能有but,但是 though 和yet可連用。
2.27 其他部分倒裝
1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首時,需倒裝。
So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.
2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中:
May you all be happy.
3) 在虛擬語氣條件句中從句謂語動詞有were, had, should等詞,可將if 省略,把 were, had, should 移到主語之前,采取部分倒裝。
Were I you, I would try it again.
典型例題:
1) Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is
A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know
答案為D. 否定詞Not在句首,要求用部分倒裝的句子結構。
2) Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted.
A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize
答案為B。
3) Do you know Tom bought a new car?
I don't know, ___.
A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care
C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also
解析:答案為B. 句中的nor引出部分倒裝結構,表示"也不"。由 so, neither, nor引導的倒裝句,表示前一情況的重復出現。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。
中學語法大全 定語從句
目錄
定語從句 22
關系代詞引導的定語從句 22
關系副詞引導的定語從句 22
判斷關系代詞與關系副詞 23
限制性和非限制性定語從句 24
介詞+關系詞 24
as,which非限定性定語從句 25
先行詞和關系詞二合一 25
what/whatever/that... 26
關系代詞that的用法 26
2.28 定語從句
定語從句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定語,修飾一個名詞或代詞,被修飾的名詞,詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常出現在先行詞之后,由關系詞(關系代詞或關系副詞)引出。
關系代詞有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關系副詞有:when, where, why等。
2.29 關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞,并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時,從句謂語動詞的人稱和數要和先行詞保持一致。
1)who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞,在從句中所起作用如下:
Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
他就是你想見的人嗎?(who/that在從句中作主語)
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天見的那個人。(whom/that在從句中作賓語)
2) Whose 用來指人或物,(只用作定語, 若指物,它還可以同of which互換), 例如:
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了,大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3)which, that
它們所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞,在從句中可作主語、賓語等,例如:
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 農村出現了前所未有的繁榮。(which / that在句中作賓語)
The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作賓語)
2.30 關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞,在從句中作狀語。
1)when, where, why
關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結構,因此常常和"介詞+ which"結構交替使用,例如:
There are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎?
2)that代替關系副詞
that可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介詞+ which"引導的定語從句,在口語中that常被省略,例如:
His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
2.31 判斷關系代詞與關系副詞
方法一: 用關系代詞,還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語,就必須要求用關系代詞;而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。例如:
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.
判斷改錯(注:先顯示題,再顯示答案,橫線;用不同的顏色表示出。)
(錯) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
(錯) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
(對) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.
(對) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.
習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯系在一起。此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。
方法二: 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀),也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案:例1 D,例2 A
例1變為肯定句: This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變為肯定句: This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中,所缺部分為賓語,而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用,只有the one既做了主句的表語,又可做從句的賓語,可以省略關系代詞,所以應選D。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全,從句部分為句子的狀語表地點,既可用副詞where,又因 in the museum詞組,可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語。而此題中,介詞on 用的不對,所以選A。
關系詞的選擇依據在從句中所做的成分,先行詞在從句中作主、定、賓語時,選擇關系代詞 (who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行詞在從句中做狀語時,應選擇關系副詞 ( where 地點狀語,when 時間狀語,why 原因狀語) 。
2.32 限制性和非限制性定語從句
1) 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分,去掉它主句意思往往不明確;非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明,去掉了也不會影響主句的意思,它與主句之間通常用逗號分開,例如:
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。(限制性)
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮,是我們上個月買的。(非限制性)
2) 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時,其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的,例如:
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了,他曾經是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人,我已經讀了三遍。
3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數,例如:
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思,這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態水變為蒸汽,這就叫做蒸發。
說明:關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。
2.33 介詞+關系詞
1)介詞后面的關系詞不能省略。
2)that前不能有介詞。
3) 某些在從句中充當時間,地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關系詞"結構可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago.
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
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2.34 as, which非限定性定語從句
由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句,as和which可代整個主句,相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首,which在句中。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.
典型例題
1)Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此為非限定性從句,不能用 that修飾,而用which.,it 和he 都使后句成為句子,兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。
2)The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定語從句,而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句,it不為連詞,使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。
3)It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B.
as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時,這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思,且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點:
(1) as 引導的定語從句可置于句首,而which不可。
(2) as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時,從句中的謂語必須是系動詞;若為行為動詞,則從句中的關系代詞只能用which.。
在本題中,prevent由于是行為動詞,所以正確選項應為B。
As 的用法
例1. the same… as;such…as 中的as 是一種固定結構, 和……一樣……。
I have got into the same trouble as he (has).
例2. as可引導非限制性從句,常帶有'正如'。
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As is know, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是關系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語;例2中,它充當從句的主語,謂語動詞know要用被動式。
2.35 先行詞和關系詞二合一
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
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2.36 what/whatever/that...
1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.
(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)
2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.
(what 可以用all that代替)
2.37 關系代詞that的用法
1)不用that的情況
a) 在引導非限定性定語從句時。
(錯) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b) 介詞后不能用。
We depend on the land from which we get our food.
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況
a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。
b) 在不定代詞,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時,只用that,不用which。
c) 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時,只用that。
d) 先行詞為序數詞、數詞、形容詞最高級時,只用that。.
e) 先行詞既有人,又有物時。
舉例:
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
所需的只是供油問題。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。
中學語法大全 動詞不定式
目錄
不定式作賓語 28
不定式作補語 28
不定式主語 30
It's for sb/It's of sb 30
不定式作表語 31
不定式作定語 31
不定式作狀語 31
用作介詞的to 32
省to 的動詞不定式 32
動詞不定式的否定式 33
不定式特殊句型too…to… 33
不定式特殊句型so as to 34
不定式特殊句型Why not 34
不定式的時態和語態 34
動名詞與不定式 35
2.38 不定式作賓語
1) 動詞+ 不定式
afford aim appear agree arrange ask be decide bother care choose come dare demand desire determine expect elect endeavor hope fail happen help hesitate learn long mean manage offer ought plan prepare pretend promise refuse seem tend wait wish undertake
舉例:
The driver failed to see the other car in time.
司機沒能及時看見另一輛車。
I happen to know the answer to your question.
我碰巧知道你那道問題的答案。
2)動詞+不定式 ; 動詞+賓語+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡每件東西都保持整潔。
I like you to keep everything tidy. 我喜歡你年使每件東西都保持整潔。
I want to speak to Tom. 我想和湯姆談話。
I want you to speak to Tom. 我想讓你和湯姆談話。
3) 動詞+疑問詞+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
Please show us how to do that. 請演示給我們如何去做。
There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有這么多的錄音機,我都拿不定主意買哪一種。
注意:疑問詞帶不定式在句中作成分時,謂語動詞用單數。
The question is how to put it into practice.
問題是怎樣把它付諸實施。
2.39 不定式作補語
1) 動詞+賓語+不定式(to do)
advise allow appoint believe cause challenge command compel consider declare drive enable encourage find forbid force guess hire imagine impel induce inform instruct invite judge know like order permit persuade remind report request require select send state suppose tell think train trust understand urge warn
例句:
a. Father will not allow us to play on the street.
父親不讓我們在街上玩耍。
b. We believe him to be guilty.
我們相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法:
Find 后可用分詞做賓補,或先加形式賓語,再加形容詞,最后加帶to 的動詞不定式。find后也可帶一個從句。此類動詞還有get,have。
I found him lying on the ground.
I found it important to learn.
I found that to learn English is important.
典型例題:
The next morning she found the man ___ in bed,dead.
A. lying B. lie C. lay D. laying
答案:A.find的賓語后面,用分詞或分詞短語,起賓語補足語作用。現在分詞表達主動,也表達正在進行,過去分詞表達被動。
2) to + be 的不定式結構,作補語的動詞。
Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(聲稱), discover, fancy(設想), feel find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以為), understand
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
我們認為湯姆是班上最好的學生之一。
典型例題
Charles Babbage is generally considered ___ the first computer.
A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented
答案:A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只說明發明這一個事實,不定式后用原形即可。而C為現在完成時,發明為點動詞一般不用完成時,且此處也不強調對現在的影響,因此不選C。
3) to be +形容詞
Seem, appear, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean…
The book is believed to be uninteresting.
人們認為這本書沒什么意思。
4) there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我們沒料到會有那么多人在哪里。
注意 : 有些動詞需用as 短語做補語,如regard, think believe, take, consider.
We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我們認為湯姆是我們最好的老師。
Mary took him as her father . 瑪麗把他當作自己的父親。
2.40 不定式主語
1) It's easy (for me) to do that.我做這事太容易了
easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessary, better;
the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough
It's so nice to hear your voice.
聽到你的聲音真高興。
It's necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it.
當你不用車的時候,鎖車是有必要的。
2) It's very kind of you to help us. 他幫助我們,他真好。
Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, thoughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考慮周到的), silly, selfish(自私的)
例句:
It was silly of us to believe him. 我們真愚蠢,竟然相信了他。
It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不給他們任何東西,這顯得太自私了。
注意:1) 其他系動詞如,look,appear等也可用于此句型
2) 不定式作為句子成分時,動詞用單數形式。
3) 當不定式作主語的句子中又有一個不定式作表語時,不能用It is… to…的句型
(對)To see is to believe. 百聞不如一見。
(錯)It is to believe to see.
2.41 It's for sb/It's of sb
1)for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特點,表示客觀形式的形容詞,如easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible等:
It's very hard for him to study two languages. 對他來說學兩門外語是很難的。
2)of sb的句型一般用表示人物的性格,品德,表示主觀感情或態度的形容詞,如good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。
It's very nice of you to help me. 你來幫助我,你真是太好了。
for 與of 的辨別方法:
用介詞后面的代詞作主語,用介詞前邊的形容詞作表語,造個句子。如果道理上通順用of,不通則用for。如:
You are nice. (通順,所以應用of)。
He is hard. (人是困難的,不通,因此應用for。)
2.42 不定式作表語
不定式可放在be動詞后面,形成表語。例如:
My work is to clean the room every day.
His dream is to be a doctor.
2.43 不定式作定語
不定式做定語通常要放在被修飾的詞后。例如:
I have a lot of work to do.
So he made some candles to give light.
2.44 不定式作狀語
1)目的狀語
To… only to (僅僅為了), in order to, so as to, so(such)… as to… (如此……以便……)
He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飛快地跑以便趕上第一班車。
I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我來僅僅是向你告別。
2)作結果狀語,表事先沒有預料到的,要放在句子后面。
What have I said to make you angry.
He searched the room only to find nothing.
3) 表原因
I'm glad to see you.
典型例題
The chair looks rather hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to ___.
A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on
答案:B. 如果不定式為不及物動詞,其后應有必要的介詞。當動詞與介詞連用時,常位于"形容詞+動詞不定式"結構的末尾。
2.45 用作介詞的to
to 有兩種用法: 一為不定式+動詞原形; 一為介詞+名詞/動名詞, to 在下面的用法中是第二種,即to+ 名詞/動名詞:
admit to承認, confess to承認,
be accustomed to 習慣于, be used to 習慣于, stick to 堅持, turn to開始,著手于, devote oneself to 獻身于, be devoted to 致力于, look forward to 盼望, pay attention to 注意
2.46 省to 的動詞不定式
1) 情態動詞 ( 除ought 外,ought to):
2) 使役動詞 let, have, make:
3) 感官動詞 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作賓補,省略to。
注意:在被動語態中則to 不能省掉。
I saw him dance.
=He was seen to dance.
The boss made them work the whole night.
=They were made to work the whole night.
4) would rather,had better:
5) Why… / why not…:
6) help 可帶to,也可不帶to, help sb (to) do sth:
7) but和except:but前是動詞do時,后面出現的動詞用不帶to的動詞不定式。
8) 由and, or和than連接的兩個不定式,第二個to 可以省去:
9) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等詞后,可以省去to be:
He is supposed (to be) nice. 他應該是個好人。
舉例:
He wants to move to France and marry the girl.
He wants to do nothing but go out.
比較: He wants to do nothing but go out.
He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
典型例題
1) ---- I usually go there by train.
---- Why not ___ by boat for a change?
A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going
答案:D. why not 后面接不帶to 的不定式,因此選D。
2) Paul doesn't have to be made ___. He always works hard.
A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning
答案:B. make后接不帶to 的動詞不定式,當其用于被動時,to 不可省略。
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2.47 動詞不定式的否定式
Tell him not to shut the window…
She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走過的時候,她假裝沒看見。
典型例題
1)Tell him ___ the window.
A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut
D. not shut
答案:B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式為tell sb not to do sth.
2) She pretended ___ me when I passed by.
A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see
D. having not seen
答案:A。 pretend 后應接不定式。其否定形式為pretend not to do sth.。
3)Mrs. Smith warned her daughter ___ after drinking.
A. never to drive B. to never driver
C. never driving D. never drive
答案:A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式為warn sb not to do sth. 此處用的是否定詞never.
4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him ____.
A. not to B. not to do C. not do it
D. do not to
答案:A。not to 為not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用to這個詞,而不必重復整個不定式詞組。及物動詞do后應有名詞、代詞等,否則不對,因此B,D不對。
5) The patient was warned ___ oily food after the operation.
A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat
D. not eating
答案:C。warn一詞要求后用不定式,此處為不定式的被動,否定形式為be warned not to do。
2.48 不定式特殊句型too…to…
1)too…to 太…以至于…
He is too excited to speak.
他太激動了,說不出話來。
---- Can I help you ? 需要我幫忙嗎?
---- Well, I'm afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。這箱子太重,恐怕你搬不動。謝謝您。
2) 如在too前有否定詞,則整個句子用否定詞表達肯定, too 后那個詞表達一種委婉含義,意 為"不太"。
It's never too late to mend. (諺語)
改過不嫌晚。
3) 當too 前面有only, all, but時,意思是:非常… 等于very。
I'm only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高興能幫助你。
He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。
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2.49 不定式特殊句型so as to
1) 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。
Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.
湯姆對事故保持沉默是為了不丟掉他的工作。
Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.
輕點進去,別驚醒了嬰兒。
2) so kind as to ---勞駕
Would you be so kind as to tell me the time?
勞駕,現在幾點了。
2.50 不定式特殊句型Why not
"Why not +動詞原形"表達向某人提出建議,翻譯為:"為什么不……?" "干嗎不……?"
例如:
Why not take a holiday?
干嗎不去度假?
2.51 不定式的時態和語態
時態\語態 主動 被動
一般式 to do to be done
進行式 to be doing
完成式 to have done to have been done
完成進行式 to have been doing
1) 現在時:一般現在時表示的動詞,有時與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生,有時發生在謂語動詞的動作之后。
He seems to know this.
I hope to see you again. = I hope that I'll see you again. 我希望再見到你。
2) 完成時:表示的動作發生在謂語動詞表示的動作之前。
I'm sorry to have given you so much trouble.
He seems to have caught a cold.
3) 進行時: 表示動作正在進行,與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。
He seems to be eating something.
4) 完成進行時:
She is known to have been wreaking on the problem for many years.
2.52 動名詞與不定式
1) 動名詞與不定式的區別:
動名詞表達的是: 狀態,性質,心境,抽象,經常性,已發生的
不定式表達的是: 目的,結果,原因,具體,一次性,將發生的
2) 接不定式或動名詞,意義相同。
3) 動名詞與不定式語義不同的有11 組:
1 stop to do stop doing
2 forget to do forget doing
3 remember to do remember doing
4 regret to do regret doing
5 cease to do cease doing
6 try to do try doing
7 go on to do go on doing
8 afraid to do afraid doing
9 interested to do interested doing
10 mean to do mean doing
11 begin/ start to do begin/ start doing
中學語法大全 動詞
目錄
動詞 37
系動詞 38
什么是助動詞 39
助動詞be的用法 39
助動詞have的用法 40
助動詞do 的用法 40
助動詞shall和will的用法 41
助動詞should,would的用法 41
短語動詞 42
非謂語動詞 42
2.53 動詞
1) 表示動作中狀態的詞叫做動詞。
2) 根據其在句中的功能,動詞可分為四類,分別是:實義動詞(Notional Verb)、系動詞(Link Verb)、助動詞(Auxiliary Verb)、情態動詞(Modal Verb)。
說明:有些情況下,有些動詞是兼類詞,例如:
We are having a meeting. 我們正在開會。 (having是實義動詞。)
He has gone to New York. 他已去紐約。
(has是助動詞。)
3) 動詞根據其后是否帶有賓語,可分為兩類,分別是:及物動詞(Transitive Verb)、不及物動詞(Intransitive Verb),縮寫形式分別為vt. 和vi.。
說明:同一動詞有時可用作及物動詞,有時可用作不及物動詞。例如:
She can dance and sing.
她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物動詞。)
She can sing many English songs.
她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物動詞。)
4) 根據是否受主語的人稱和數的限制,可分兩類,分別是:限定動詞(Finite Verb)、非限定動詞(Non-finite Verb)例如:
She sings very well.
她唱得很好。(sing受主語she的限制,故用第三人稱單數形式sings。)
She wants to learn English well.
她想學好英語。(to learn不受主語she的限制,沒有詞形變化,是非限定動詞。
說明:英語中共有三種非限定動詞,分別是:動詞不定式(Infinitive)、動名詞(Gerund)、分詞(Participle)。
5) 根據動詞的組成形式,可分為三類,分別是:單字詞(One-Word Verb)、短語動詞(Phrasal Verb)、動詞短語(Verbal Phrase)例如:
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.
英語里有許多短語動詞和動詞短語。(contains是單字動詞。)
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.
學生們學會查字典。(look up是短語動詞。)
The young ought to take care of the old.
年輕人應照料老人。(take care of是動詞短語。)
6)動詞有五種形態,分別是:原形(Original Form)、第三人稱單數形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、過去式(Past Form)、過去分詞(Past Participle)、現在分詞(Present Participle)。
2.54 系動詞
系動詞亦稱聯系動詞(Link Verb),作為系動詞,它本身有詞義,但不能單獨用作謂語,后邊必須跟表語(亦稱補語),構成系表結構說明主語的狀況、性質、特征等情況。
說明:
有些系動詞又是實義動詞,該動詞表達實義時,有詞義,可單獨作謂語,例如:
He fell ill yesterday.
他昨天病了。(fell是系動詞,后跟補足語,說明主語情況。)
He fell off the ladder.
他從梯子上摔下來。fell是實義動詞,單獨作謂語。
1)狀態系動詞
用來表示主語狀態,只有be一詞,例如:
He is a teacher. 他是一名教師。(is與補足語一起說明主語的身份。)
2)持續系動詞
用來表示主語繼續或保持一種狀況或態度,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如:
He always kept silent at meeting. 他開會時總保持沉默。
This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一個謎。
3)表像系動詞
用來表示"看起來像"這一概念,主要有seem, appear, look, 例如:
He looks tired. 他看起來很累。
He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起來很傷心。
4)感官系動詞
感官系動詞主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如:
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
這種布手感很軟。
This flower smells very sweet.
這朵花聞起來很香。
5)變化系動詞
這些系動詞表示主語變成什么樣,變化系動詞主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.
例如:
He became mad after that. 自那之后,他瘋了。
She grew rich within a short time. 她沒多長時間就富了。
6)終止系動詞
表示主語已終止動作,主要有prove, trun out, 表達"證實","變成"之意,例如:
The rumor proved false. 這謠言證實有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查證實很難。
His plan turned out a success. 他的計劃終于成功了。(turn out表終止性結果)
2.55 什么是助動詞
1)協助主要動詞構成謂語動詞詞組的詞叫助動詞(Auxiliary Verb)。被協助的動詞稱作主要動詞(Main Verb)。
助動詞自身沒有詞義,不可單獨使用,例如:
He doesn't like English. 他不喜歡英語。
(doesn't是助動詞,無詞義;like是主要動詞,有詞義)
2) 助動詞協助主要動詞完成以下功用,可以用來:
a. 表示時態,例如:
He is singing. 他在唱歌。
He has got married. 他已結婚。
b. 表示語態,例如:
He was sent to England. 他被派往英國。
c. 構成疑問句,例如:
Do you like college life? 你喜歡大學生活嗎?
Did you study English before you came here? 你來這兒之前學過英語嗎?
d. 與否定副詞not合用,構成否定句,例如:
I don't like him. 我不喜歡他。
e. 加強語氣,例如:
Do come to the party tomorrow evening. 明天晚上一定來參加晚會。
He did know that. 他的確知道那件事。
3) 最常用的助動詞有:be, have, do, shall, will, should, would
2.56 助動詞be的用法
1) be +現在分詞,構成進行時態,例如:
They are having a meeting. 他們正在開會。
English is becoming more and more important. 英語現在越來越重要。
2) be + 過去分詞,構成被動語態,例如:
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗戶是湯姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英語。
3) be + 動詞不定式,可表示下列內容:
a. 表示最近、未來的計劃或安排,例如:
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去紐約。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我們要教新生。
說明: 這種用法也可以說成是一種將來時態表達法。
b. 表示命令,例如:
You are to explain this. 對此你要做出解釋。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午來辦公室。
c. 征求意見,例如:
How am I to answer him? 我該怎樣答復他?
Who is to go there? 誰該去那兒呢?
d. 表示相約、商定,例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning. 我們明天早晨7點在校門口集合。
2.57 助動詞have的用法
1)have +過去分詞,構成完成時態,例如:
He has left for London. 他已去了倫敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未為止,他們已經完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +現在分詞,構成完成進行時,例如:
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在學英語,已達十年之久。
3)have+been +過去分詞,構成完成式被動語態,例如:
English has been taught in China for many years.
中國教英語已經多年。
2.58 助動詞do 的用法
1) 構成一般疑問句,例如:
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通過大學英語測試嗎?
Did you study German? 你們學過德語嗎?
2) do + not 構成否定句,例如:
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批評。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想學習。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English. 過去,好多學生不知道英語的重要性。
3) 構成否定祈使句,例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要這么心不在焉。
說明: 構成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
4) 放在動詞原形前,加強該動詞的語氣,例如:
Do come to my birthday party. 一定來參加我的生日宴會。
I did go there. 我確實去那兒了。
I do miss you. 我確實想你。
5) 用于倒裝句,例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我從未聽說過這樣的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
只有在開始大學生活時我們才認識到英語的重要性。
說明: 引導此類倒裝句的副詞有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so, well等。
6) 用作代動詞,例如:
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜歡北京嗎?
---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜歡。(do用作代動詞,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何開車,對吧?
2.59 助動詞shall和will的用法
shall和will作為助動詞可以與動詞原形一起構成一般將來時,例如:
I shall study harder at English. 我將更加努力地學習英語。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
說明:
在過去的語法中,語法學家說shall用于第一人稱,will 只用于第二、第三人稱。現在,尤其是在口語中,will常用于第一人稱,但shall只用于第一人稱,如用于第二、第三人稱,就失去助動詞的意義,已變為情態動詞,試比較:
He shall come. 他必須來。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come. 他要來。(will只與動詞原形構成一般將來時。)
2.60 助動詞should, would的用法
1)should無詞義,只是shall的過去形式,與動詞原形構成過去將來時,只用于第一人稱,例如:
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天給他打電話,問他我下周干什么。
比較:
"What shall I do next week?" I asked.
"我下周干什么?"我問道。(可以說,shall變成間接引語時,變成了should。)
2) would也無詞義,是will的過去形式,與動詞原形構成過去將來時,用于第二、第三人稱,例如:
He said he would come. 他說他要來。
比較:
"I will go," he said. 他說:"我要去那兒。"
變成間接引語,就成了:
He said he would come.
原來的will變成would,go變成了come.。
2.61 短語動詞
動詞加小品構成的起動詞作用的短語叫短語動詞(Phrasal Verb)。例如:
Turn off the radio. 把收音機關上。(turn off是短語動詞)
短語動詞的構成基本有下列幾種:
1) 動詞+副詞,如:black out;
2) 動詞+介詞,如:look into;
3) 動詞+副詞+介詞,如:look forward to。構成短語動詞的副詞和介詞都統稱為小品詞(Particle)。
2.62 非謂語動詞
在句子中充當除謂語以外的句子成分的動詞形式叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞分為三種形式:不定式,動名詞,和分詞(分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞)。
1)不定式
時態\語態 主動 被動
一般式 to do to be done
完成式 to have done to have been done
2)動名詞
時態\語態 主動 被動
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
3)分詞
時態\語態 主動 被動
一般式 doing being done
完成式 having done having been done
否定形式: not +不定式, not + 動名詞, not + 現在分詞