1.Don’t reach sideways while standing on a ladder.

站在梯子上的時候，不要側著身子伸手拿東西。

1)句中的reach是不及物動詞，作“伸出手”解。

sideways是副詞，作“側著身子”解。

［例］The little boy reached for the apple on the table.

小男孩伸手夠桌上的蘋果。

He was so fat that he could only get through the door sideways.他太胖了，只能 側身通過這個大門。

2)句中的while standing on a ladder是while you are standing on a ladder的省略。在有些(時)表示時間、地點、條件等狀語從句中，如謂語動詞為be，而主語又和主句的主語一致，那么，從句中的主語和謂語的一部分，常可省略。

［例］Don’t listen to music while doing your homework.

2.Repeat this as often as is necessary.(=Repeat this action as many times as it is necessary.)根據需要盡量多次重復這個動作。

1)句中this指上句的…breathe into his/her mouth(向口里吹氣)這個動作。often在這里作“多次”解(many times.)

2)as…as 作“像……一樣地”解，引起表示比較的狀語從句。在兩個as的中間插入形容詞或副詞。在第二個as后常跟名詞或代詞，也可以跟從句。例如：

Jimmy is as tall as his father (is tall).

吉米跟他爸爸一樣高。(as后跟名詞)

He can run as fast as I(as run)

他可以跑得跟我一樣快。(as后跟代詞)

You know as much about that as I do.關于那件事，你了解得跟我一樣多。(as后跟從句)

Please come as soon as (is) possible.

請盡可能早點回來。(as后跟從句，其中is通常省去)

最后這個例句中的as soon as is possible,和課文中的as often as is necessary 非常近似。第二個as后跟從句可以看作是省略了主語it，那as often as (it) is necessary.又如 ：

In English class, we should speak English as much as (is) possible.在英語課上我們應當盡可能多說英語。

You can explain grammar points in Chinese as much as is necessary.你可以根據需要，用漢語來解釋語法點。

核心知識

常用單詞積累

knee ought ought to still(adj)

medical care bite mouth-to-mouth lay

burn cut(n) electric container pool

by mistake pay attention to a short while

基礎知識精講

1.injure (vt) hurt, damage

(1)傷害，損害；

(2)傷(感情)；

例In the railroad accident 300 people were injured.在這次火車失事中300人受傷。

Many houses were injured by the storm.許多房屋被暴風所損壞。

You have an injured look.(injured adj.受冤屈的，感情受傷害)

你像受了冤屈的樣子。

injure, hurt和wound都有“受傷”，“傷害”之意。但在使用時它們是有不同的，injure 指發生某些事以導致傷害，減少或減損力量，健康、完美、權利、價值、用途等，為一般用 語。hurt為injured之較不正式的代用語，特指造成對人或物實質上的損害，或身心的痛苦。另外，hurt還可用作vi.作“感到疼痛”；wound主要指切傷、割傷、刺傷，在戰場上身體 受傷，有時也可以指信用、名譽、感情等受到損傷。

例 Dishonesty injures a business.欺騙有害營業。

He hurt my hand by twisting it.他扭傷了我的手。

The shell wounded him in the head.炮彈傷了他的頭部。

Does your leg still hurt(=give pain)?你的腿還痛嗎?

I was rather hurt by what they said about me.他們對我的批評，使我相當傷心。

2.need“需要”既可用作情態動詞，也可作實義動詞，使用時需注意下列幾點：

(1)作為情態動詞，它通常表示立即完成的必要性，常用來要求許可或給予許可。第三人稱單數像其他所有情態動詞一樣，不帶-s，不能構成動詞不定式、v-ing或過去分詞，構成疑問句和否定句時不用助動詞do，后面跟的動詞不定式不帶to作為實義動詞，第三人稱單數現在時加-s，構成疑問句和否定句時須借助動詞do(does, did)，后面跟的不定式有to。

(2)作為情態動詞need一般只用于否定句、疑問句，在肯定句中，它是全然不用作情態動詞。

(She need do it now.是錯誤的，應用實義動詞She needs to do now.)

(3)應注意needn’t與mustn’t之間的區別，needn’t用來表示沒有義務；mustn’t則表示有義務不做某事。

例You needn’t tell Jennifer--She already knows.你不用告訴詹妮了--她已經知道了。

You mustn’t tell Margaret--I don’t want her to know.你千萬別告訴瑪格麗特--我不想她知道。

(4)情態動詞need可用于needn’t + have +過去分詞結構，用來表示“做了不必做的事情”。

例I needn’t have bought all that wine--Only three people came.其實我沒必要買這么多酒--只來了三個人。

(5)實義動詞need后可跟v.-ing，動詞不定式作賓語，使用v-ing時，則有被動意義。

例The garden needs watering(or…to be watered).花園需要澆水了。

Your hair needs cutting(…to be cut).你該理發了。

*類似動詞還有require, want，后跟v-ing作賓語時都用主動表示被動意思。

3.enough n. adj.＆ adv.

(1)n.足夠的東西(如錢，事情，工作等)。enough用作名詞時，可代表不可數名詞或可數名詞。在句中可作主語、賓語或表語。

例Not enough is known about this subject (作主語).

關于這個問題，知道得還不夠多。

He couldn’t earn enough to keep a family of four (作賓語).

他賺的錢不足養活四口之家。

Five men will be quite enough (作表語).

五個人將完全足夠了。

(2)adj 足夠(的)

enough用作形容詞時，可以放在所修飾的名詞之前，也可放在名詞之后。

例We haven’t enough time (time enough) to catch the train now.我們現在趕火車的時間不夠了。

(3)adv.夠……(緊跟所修飾的詞)

enough 用作副詞時，放在它所修飾的形容詞、副詞和過去分詞之后，并與不定式或for連用。

例The situation is serious enough.局勢夠嚴重。

The boy isn’t old enough to go to school.這男孩還不到上學的年齡。

Five pounds is a good enough price for it.買這樣東西5英鎊的價格是完全足夠了。

4.Make the person throw up.使這個人嘔吐。

throw up

(1)吐出，嘔吐

(2)放棄，辭去

例After he had thrown up, he felt better.吐過之后，他感到好受一些。

He threw up his dinner.他把吃的飯嘔吐了。

This man has thrown up his job.這人已辭掉他的工作了。

He had planned to go to the North for the summer but since then he had thrown it up.他曾計劃到北方去消夏，但后來已放棄了這個打算。

5.attention

注意；專心(不可數)；款待；殷勤(復數)

常用短語：

pay attention to 注意，專心

call attention to 要求(某人)注意

draw one’s attention to.吸引某人的注意

turn (or direct) one’s attention to.使之注意

fix one’s attention on (or apon.).注意

pay attentions to.殷勤款待

例Never mind about me. Please pay attentions to the ladies.不要管我，請好好款待女士們。

Pay attention to what you’re doing.注意你所做的事。

He drew (called) my attention to a point I had overlooked.他提醒我注意我忽略了的一點。

Please direct (turn) your attention to what I’m saying.請注意我正講的話。

We all fixed our attention on (upon) the exhibited new machines.我們所有人都被展出的新機器吸引住了。

6.should與ought to

(1)should和ought to的意思很接近。它們用來表達職責和義務，提出勸告，及一般說來我們認為人們應該去做的正確的事或好事。在多數情況下可以換用，但有些細微的差別。should主要談的是自己的主觀看法；ought to則更多反映客觀情況，在談到法律、義務和規定時使用。

例You should/ought to/try to make fewer mistakes.你應該設法少犯一些錯誤。

He shouldn’t/oughtn’t to/do things like that.他不應該做那種事情。

We ought to go and see Mary tomorrow, but I don’t think we will.明天我們按理應該去看瑪麗，但是我認為我們不會去。(這句用should就不對了。用should意味著主觀上認為應該去看她，而后面又說不準備去做，這前后就矛盾了。)

(2)should和ought to可以用來談論現在和將來，但不能用來談論過去。要談過去那些應該發生而沒有發生的事，應用“should(ought to)+ have +過去分詞”，或用“was to have +過去分詞。”

例The plant’s dead. Maybe I should have given it more water.這棵植物死了，也許我該多澆點兒水。

We ought to have got here earlier; the train’s packed.我們本該早點到，火車太擠了。

I was to have started work last week; but I changed my mind.我本該(本打算)上星期開始工作；但我改變了主意。

7.lay vt.＆ vi.放，擱，擺；擬定；下蛋、產卵

～ sb. on one’s back 平放某人

例 ①Lay the table; we’ll have dinner.擺好了飯桌，我們要吃飯了。

②It’s time for us to ～ a plan.我們該設定個計劃了。

③Laying eggs is the ant queen’s full-time job.產卵是蟻后的專職工作。

④The hens didn’t ～ in cold winter in the past.過去冬天里雞不下蛋。

Note lay 還來可以譯為“躺”，為“lie”的過去式，過去分詞為“lain”，現在分詞“lying”.

8.take it easy = take things easy 慢慢來，別著急

口辨析 easy does it 小心點，慢點

例 ①Take it easy. You’ll be better.別著急，你會好起來的。

②Take it easy. we can catch the train.慢點，我們會趕上火車的。

③Take it easy. The dictionary must be found.別著急，字典會找到的。

④Easy does it. The knife is very sharp.小心點，刀子很鋒利。

⑤Easy does it. Don’t run into the car.慢點，不要撞到車上。

9.by mistake 弄錯(介詞詞組)

口辨析 make a mistake 犯錯誤；搞錯(動詞詞組)

例①I took him for his brother by mistake.我錯把他當成他弟弟了。

②He took the wrong bag by mistake.他拿錯了手袋。

③You made a mistake about the time.你弄錯時間了。

④We all make mistakes.我們都會犯錯誤。

10.aid 用法小結

aid 作動詞，相當于help。“幫助；援助”

句式〔aij+名詞/動詞〕幫助某人

①Let’s aid each other.讓我們彼此幫助吧!

②He aided me to finish the work.他幫助我完成這份工作。

③Neighbours aided him with money when he almost lost everything in the fire.當他在火災中幾乎失去一切的時候，鄰居們用錢來幫助他。

注意：aid是比較正式的用語，較為莊重，在日常生活中不多用。help則含義較廣，特別在日常生活中用的較多，幾乎所有用aid的地方都可用help代替。aid也可用作名詞，可表具體意義，也可表抽象意義，相當于help。

④He came to my aid.

他來幫助我。(=He came to aid me.)

⑤What is the collection in aid of?所募集的款子作何用途?

注意：aid表具體意義時，常表“有用/有助之物”的意思，常和其他名詞構成合成詞如：he aring-aid助聽器等。visual aids 視覺教具(如圖片、影片、幻燈片等)

注意：do/give/offer first aid(to sb.)表“施行急救，”“進行急救”的意思。

詞匯鏈：

抽去之后變成：

ad〔d〕n.廣告 (=advertisement)

以-aid結尾的單詞：

maid〔meid〕n.少女；女仆

afraid 〔＇freid〕adj. 擔心的；害怕的

同義詞：

assist 〔’? sist〕v.幫助；協助

help 〔help〕v.＆n.幫助；援助

典型例題

Most animals have little connection with animals of a different kind, unless they hunt them for food. Sometimes, however, two kinds of animals come together in a partnership(伙伴關系) which does good to both of them. You may have noticed some birds sitting on the back of sheep. This is not because they want a ride, but they find easy food in the parasties(寄生蟲) on sheep. The sheep allow the birds to do so because they remove the cause of discomfort. So although they can manage without each other, they do better together.

Sometimes an animal has a plant partner. The relationship develops until the two partners cannot manage without each other. This is so in the corals(珊瑚) of the sea. In their skins they have tiny plants which act as “dustman”,taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animal needs to breathe. If the plants are killed, or are even prevented from light so that they cannot live normally, or are even prevented from light so that they cannot live normally, the corals will die.

1.Some birds like to sit on a sheep because ______________.

A. they can eat its parasites

B.they depend on the sheep for existence

C. they enjoy travelling with the sheep

D. they find the position most comfortable

2.The underlined word “they” in the last sentence of the first paragraph refers to ______________.

A. birds and parasites B. birds and sheep

C. parasites and sheep D. sheep, birds and parasites

3.It can be learnt from the text that the coral depends on the plant for ______________.

A. comfor B. light C. food D. oxygen

4.What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?

A. Some animals and plants depend on each other for existence.

B. Some animals and plants develop their relationship easily.

C. Some plants depend on each other for food.

D. Some animals live better together.

解析 1.這是一道細節題。答案是A。文中You may have noticed some birds sitting on the backs of sheep. This is not because they want to ride, but be cause they find easy food in the parasites on sheep.便是該題的信息。

2.這是一道所指題。劃線單詞系指鳥和羊，故B為最佳答案。

3.這是一道判斷題。從文中In their skins they have tiny plants which act as “dust man”,taking some of the waste products from the coral and giving in return oxygen which the animals needs to breathe.一句可以得出結論，D為該題的正確答案。

4.該題要求考生找出第二自然段的中心思想。本段通過例舉珊瑚來證明動物植物為了生存而相互依靠，故A為最佳答案。

【有關"First Aid" 的教學設計】

教學設計1. Frist Aid

學習目標：

（一）知識教學點

1．單詞

knee n．膝蓋　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 safety n．安全，保險

still adj．不動的，靜止的；平靜的　　　　　　　 wire n．電線

bite(bit, bitten/bit) vt． ＆ vi．　　　　　　　　　　 guard n．防護裝置，警戒

咬，叮　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 sideway n．岔路，旁路 adv．向

lay(laid ,laid)vt．放，擱　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 側面

mouth-to-mouth adj．口對口的　　　　　　　　　　 firm adj．牢固的，堅定的

burn n．燒傷，灼傷　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 firmly adv．牢牢地

cut n．傷口　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 wherever conj．無論在哪里

electric adj．電的，用電的　　　　　　　　　　　　　 stomach n．胃

container n． 容器　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 injure vt．損害，傷害

pool n．池塘　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 injured adj．受傷的

breathe vi．呼吸　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 injury n．受傷處

within prep．在……里面，在……　　　　　　　 poison n．毒藥

之內　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 quantity n．量，數量

handkerchief n．手帕　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 nearby adj．附近的

wound n．創傷，傷口

2．詞組

first aid急救　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 deal with處理，應付

ought to應該　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 take it easy別著急；放心好了

medical care醫療護理　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 running water流水，自來水

by mistake由失誤（疏忽）所致　　　　　　　　　 out of one's reach夠不著

pay attention to注意，留心；關心　　　　　　　　 throw up嘔吐；吐出（實物）

in a short while一會兒以后，不久　　　　　　　　 hold up舉高

3．交際用語

We must carry her to the side of the road．

You mustn't move someone if they are badly hurt．

Parents should know some first aid．

You shouldn't get up if you are badly hurt．

I ought to go home．

I have to cook supper for my grandmother．

4．語法

復習情態動詞must, should的用法，學習情態動詞ought to的用法。

（二）能力訓練點

通過口頭及筆頭訓練，了解及學習掌握一些急救常識，能夠正確處理日常生活中遇到的偶發事故。

教案內容：

【關于“First Aid”的常見問題】

常見問題1: First Aid

問題：

He was just _______________ when there was a loud _______________ the door.

A. falling asleep…knock at B.falling behind…knock on

C. fell down…knock into D.fell over…knock off

解答:

解析：答案為A。fall asleep 入睡，fall behind 落后，fall down 倒下，fall over 摔倒。knock 可以作名詞，表示“敲擊”，可接介詞at或on。

常見問題2: First Aid

問題：

Did you leave the door _______________?

A. opening B. locking

C. closed D. shutted

解答:

解析：答案為C。leave表示“讓(繼續處于某狀態)”之意時，后接賓語+賓補結構，其賓補也可以是形容詞、現在分詞、介詞短語、副詞或從句等。此句的意思應是門被關的狀態。選項A的open本身可作形容詞表示狀態。

常見問題3: First Aid

問題：

_______________ the young plant, he asked me _______________ was the type of plant _______________ we had seen in the film.

A. Pointed to…that…that B.Pointing at…if…that

C. Pointing to…if that…which D.Pointed at…that…which

解答:

解析：答案為C。這是一個復合詞。主句he asked me后面接if引導的賓語從句(if that…in the film)。這個賓語從句中包含一個關系代詞which引導的定語從句“which we had seen in the film”，修飾先行詞the type of plant。句首的-ing短語(Pointing to the young plant)作方式狀語，表示伴隨動作。

常見問題4: First Aid

問題：

Don't move the books on the shelf.__________them where they are.

A．Put B．Place C．Let D．leave

解答:

導析：leave在這里意思是“使……處于某種狀態”。本句話的意思是“別動書架上的書，讓他們保持原樣”。答案：D

常見問題5: First Aid

問題：

I'm wondering how he can manage to______such with a difficult problem.

A．do with B．deal with

C．putupwith D．get alongwith

解答:

導析：deal with通常與how連用，表示“如何處理某人或某事”。put up with忍受，get alongwith與……相處、進展、均與題意不符。do with與what連用，意為“處理、對付”。答案：B

常見問題6: First Aid

問題：

Little Frantz stood there,_______lift his head.

A．daring no to B．not daring C．dared not D．not dared

解答:

導析：dare在此處為實義動詞，用v-ing形式作伴隨狀語，在前面加not，構成否定形式。另外dare作實義動詞，用于否定句中，后接的不定式符號to可省去。答案：B

常見問題7: First Aid

問題：

--Why was the road crowded?

--The traffic was________by a car accident.

A．held up B．held back C．held out D．held to

解答:

導析：hold up此處意為“使停頓、耽擱”，holdback阻止，阻塞。hold out堅持、伸出，hold to堅持(說法、看法等)、遵循。答案：A

常見問題8: First Aid

問題：

It was very kind ofyou to do the washing-up，but you_____________it

A．didn't need to B．shouldn't have done

C．needn't have done D．couldn't have done

解答:

導析：needn't have done something表示“做了沒有必要做的事情，didn't need to do something則表示“過去沒有必要作，實際上也沒有做”。如：It was Sunday yesterday，I didn't need to go to work，so I stayed at home all day. couldn't have done something不可能已經……，shouldn't have done something本不該……實際上已經……，含有“責備的口吻”。答案：C

常見問題9: First Aid

問題：

If only he______quietly as the doctor instructed，he would not suffer so much now.

A．lies B．lay C．hadlain D．shouldlie

解答:

導析：本句中的if引導的從句表示與過去事實相反的假設，應用“had+過去分詞”。答案：C

常見問題10: First Aid

問題：

Since you have repaired my TV set，__________is no need for me to buya new one.

A．it B．there C．this D．that

解答:

導析：There is no need for somebody to do something為一固定句型，意為“沒有必要做某事”例如：Now that the problem has been settled，there is no need for us to discuss it again.答案：B

常見問題11: First Aid

問題：

If you_____any problems when you arrive at the airport，give me a ring.

A．come up with B．set about

C．run into D．put aside

解答:

導析；run into在此處意思是“遇到、碰上(meet with，come across)”，與本題題意符合。come up with提出(問題)、拿出(意見)，set about開始、著手，put aside把……放在一邊，不考慮。答案：C