高三英語復習與訓練十七、十八、十九、二十一--名詞性從句、定語從句、狀語從句 、連詞
17. 名詞性從句
在句子中起名詞作用的句子叫名詞從句。名詞從句的功能相當于名詞詞組, 它在復合句中能擔任主語、賓語、表語、同位語、介詞賓語等，因此根據(jù)它在句中不同的語法功能，名詞從句又可分別稱為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。
17.1 引導名詞性從句的連接詞
引導名詞性從句的連接詞可分為三類：
連接詞： that, whether ,if （不充當從句的任何成分）
連接代詞：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which
連接副詞：when, where, how, why
不可省略的連詞：
1. 介詞后的連詞
2. 引導主語從句和同位語從句的連詞不可省略。例如：
That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被選上了，我們很高興。
We heard the news that our team had won. 我們聽到消息說我們隊贏了。
比較：whether與if 均為"是否"的意思。 但在下列情況下，whether 不能被if 取代：
1. whether引導主語從句并在句首
2. 引導表語從句
3. whether從句作介詞賓語
4. 從句后有"or not"
大部分連接詞引導的主語從句都可以置于句末，用 it充當形式主語。例如：
It is not important who will go. 誰去，這不重要。
It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底誰贏呢，形勢尚不明朗。
17.2 名詞性that-從句
1）由從屬連詞that引導的從句叫做名詞性that-從句。That只起連接主句和從句的作用，在從句中不擔任任何成分，本身也沒有詞義。名詞性that-從句在句中能充當主語、賓語、表語、同位語和形容詞賓語。例如：
主語：That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他還活著全靠運氣。
賓語：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 約翰說他星期三要到倫敦去。
表語：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事實是近來誰也沒有見過他。
同位語：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近來誰也沒有見過他，這一情況令辦公室所有的人不安。
形容詞賓語：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你對工作滿意我感到很高興。
2）That-從句作主語通常用it作先行詞，而將that-從句置于句末。例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整個計劃注定要失敗。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主語的that-從句有以下四種不同的搭配關系：
a. It + be +形容詞+ that-從句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明顯……
b. It + be + -ed 分詞+ that-從句
It is believed that… 人們相信……
It is known to all that… 從所周知……
It has been decided that… 已決定……
c. It + be +名詞+ that-從句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常識
It is a surprise that… 令人驚奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事實是……
d. It +不及物動詞+ that-分句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
17.3 名詞性wh-從句
1）由wh-詞引導的名詞從句叫做名詞性wh-從句。Wh-詞包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等連接代詞和where, when, how, why等連接副詞。Wh-從句的語法功能除了和that-從句一樣外，還可充當介詞賓語、賓語補語和間接賓語等。例如：
主語： How the book will sell depends on its author. 書銷售如何取決于作者本人。
直接賓語：In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以隨心所欲。
間接賓語：The club will give whoever wins a prize. 獲勝者俱樂部將頒獎。
表語： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的問題是誰將接任該基金會主席職位。
賓語補足語：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高興給他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位語： I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么時候回來。
形容詞賓語：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她為什么拒絕他們的邀請。
介詞賓語： That depends on where we shall go. 那取決于我們?nèi)ツ膬骸?/p>
2）Wh-從句作主語也常用先行詞it做形式主語，而將wh-從句置于句末。例如：
It is not yet decided who will do that job. 還沒決定誰做這項工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他們何時結(jié)婚依然不明。
17.4 if, whether引導的名詞從句
1）yes-no型疑問從句
從屬連詞if, whether引導的名詞從句是由一般疑問句或選擇疑問轉(zhuǎn)化而來的，因此也分別被稱為yes-no型疑問句從句和選擇型疑問從句，其功能和wh-從句的功能相同。例如：
主語：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 這一計劃是否可行還有等證實。
賓語：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 請讓我們知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章寫完。
表語：The point is whether we should lend him the money. 問題在于我們是否應該借錢給他。
同位語：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他們調(diào)查他是否值得信賴。
形容詞賓語： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她懷疑我們是否能夠前來。
介詞賓語： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我擔心他是否能度過疾病的危險期。
2）選擇性疑問從句
選擇性疑問從句由關聯(lián)詞if/whether…or或whethe…or not構(gòu)成。例如：
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 請告訴我他們是瑞典人還是丹麥人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not. 我不在乎你是否喜歡該計劃。
17.5 否定轉(zhuǎn)移
1）將think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等動詞后面賓語從句的否定詞轉(zhuǎn)移到主句中，即主句的謂語動詞用否定式，而從句的謂語動詞用肯定式。例如：
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不認識你。
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回來。
注意：若謂語動詞為hope,賓語從句中的否定詞不能轉(zhuǎn)移。例如：
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你沒有生病吧。
2）將seem, appear 等后的從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移到前面。例如：
It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看來他們不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看來我們明天不會碰上好天氣。
3）有時將動名詞，介詞短語或整個從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閷χ^語動詞的否定。例如：
I don't remember having ever seen such a man. 我記得從未見過這樣一個人。（not否定動名詞短語 having…）
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.
在這里，人們不會想到在街上會碰上陌生的人。（anyone 作主語，從句中的謂語動詞不能用否定形式。）
4）有時狀語或狀語從句中否定可以轉(zhuǎn)移到謂語動詞前。例如：
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. （否定狀語） 螞蟻不只是為自己采食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. （否定because狀語）
他并不因亞里斯多德說過如何如何，就輕信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struckby her beauty.（否定狀語many weeks） 她結(jié)婚還不到幾個月，這個人的弟弟就看見她了，并對她的美
貌著了迷。
18. 定語從句
定語從句在句中做定語，修飾一個名詞或代詞，被修飾的名詞詞組或代詞即先行詞。定語從句通常
出現(xiàn)在先行詞之后，由關系詞（關系代詞或關系副詞）引出。
關系代詞有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
關系副詞有：when, where, why等。
18.1 關系代詞引導的定語從句
關系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當主語、賓語、定語等成分。關系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
這些詞代替的先行詞是人的名詞或代詞，在從句中作主語和賓語。例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想見的人嗎？（who/that在從句中作主語）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天見的那個人。（whom/that在從句中作賓語）
2） whose 用來指人或物，（只用作定語, 若指物，它還可以同of which互換）。例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green. 請遞給我那本綠皮的書。
3）which, that所代替的先行詞是事物的名詞或代詞，在從句中可作主語、賓語等。例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
農(nóng)村出現(xiàn)了前所未有的繁榮。（which / that在句中作賓語）
The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作賓語）
18.2 關系副詞引導的定語從句
關系副詞可代替的先行詞是時間、地點或理由的名詞，在從句中作狀語。
1）關系副詞when, where, why的含義相當于"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)，因此常常和"介詞+ which"結(jié)構(gòu)交替使用。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的時候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born. 北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer? 這就是他拒絕我們幫助他的理由嗎？
2）that代替關系副詞，可以用于表示時間、地點、方式、理由的名詞后取代when, where, why和"介+which"引導的定語從句，在口語中that常被省略。例如：
His father died the year （that / when / in which） he was born. 他父親在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place （that / where / in which） he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住過的地方。
18.3 判斷關系代詞與關系副詞
方法一： 用關系代詞，還是關系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關系副詞。例如：
This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 這是我去年呆過的山村。
I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永遠不會忘記與你共事的日子。
判斷改錯：
（錯） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
（對） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.
（對） I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.
習慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯在關系詞的誤用上。
方法二： 準確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分（主、謂、賓、定、狀），也能正確選擇出關系代詞/關系副詞。
例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that C. on which D. the one
答案：例1 D，例2 A
例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.
例2變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.
在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關系代詞，所以應選D。
而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導地點狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。
關系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時，選擇關系代詞（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行詞在從句中做狀語時，應選擇關系副詞 （ where 地點狀語，when 時間狀語，why 原因狀語） 。
18.4 限制性和非限制性定語從句
1） 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開。例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 這是我們上個月買的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.
這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個月買的。（非限制性）
2） 當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如：
Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。
3） 非限制性定語從句還能將整個主句作為先行詞, 對其進行修飾, 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)。例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.
他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝@就叫做蒸發(fā)。
說明：關系代詞that和關系副詞why不能引導非限制性定語從句。
18.5 介詞+關系詞
1）介詞后面的關系詞不能省略。
2）that前不能有介詞。
3）某些在從句中充當時間，地點或原因狀語的"介詞+關系詞"結(jié)構(gòu)可以同關系副詞when 和where 互換。例如：
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 這是我兩年前住過的房子。
This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? 還記得你加入我們俱樂部的那一天嗎？
Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
18.6 as, which 非限定性定語從句
由as, which 引導的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個主句，相當于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。
The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 太陽使地球暖起來，這對我們?nèi)祟惡苤匾?/p>
典型例題
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
A. it B. that C. which D. he
答案C. 此為非限定性從句，不能用 that修飾，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成為句子，兩個獨立的句子不能單以逗號連接。況且選he句意不通。
2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.
A. what B. which C. that D. it
答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定語從句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定語從句，it不為連詞，使由逗號連接的兩個句子并在一起在英語語法上行不通。
3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..
A. that B. which C. as D. it
答案B. as 和which在引導非限制性定語從句時，這兩個關系代詞都指主句所表達的整個意思，且在定語從句中都可以作主語和賓語。但不同之處主要有兩點：
（1）as 引導的定語從句可置于句首，而which不可。
（2） as 代表前面的整個主句并在從句中作主語時，從句中的謂語必須是系動詞；若為行為動詞，則從句中的關系代詞只能用which.。在本題中，prevent由于是行為動詞，所以正確選項應為B。
as 的用法
例1. the same…as；such…as 中的as 是一種固定結(jié)構(gòu), 和……一樣……。例如：
I have got into the same trouble as he （has）. 我碰到了跟他一樣的麻煩。
例2. as可引導非限制性從句，常帶有'正如'。例如：
As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. 如我們所知，吸煙有害健康。
As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.
As是關系代詞。例1中的as作know的賓語；例2中，它充當從句的主語，謂語動詞know要用被動式。
18.7 先行詞和關系詞二合一
1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替）
2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.（what 可以用all that代替）
18.8 what/whatever; that/what; who/whoever
1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything。例如：
What you want has been sent here. 你要的動詞都送來了。
Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 不管你要什么，跟我沒什么關系。
2） who= the person that whoever= anyone who。例如：
（錯）Who breaks the law will be punished.
（錯）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.
（對）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. 王子犯法，與庶民同罪。
（對）Who robbed the bank is not clear. 誰搶了銀行還不清楚。
3） that 和 what
當that引導定語從句時，通常用作關系代詞，而引導名詞性從句時，是個不充當任何成分的連接詞。賓語從句和表語從句中的that常可省略。What只能引導名詞性從句，用作連接代詞，作從句的具體成分，且不能省略。例如：
I think（that）you will like the stamps. 我想你會喜歡這些郵票的。
What we need is more practice. 我們需要的是更多的實踐。
18.9 關系代詞that 的用法
1）不用that的情況
a） 引導非限定性定語從句時。例如：
（錯）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b） 介詞后不能用。例如：
We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我們依賴土地獲得食物。
We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
2） 只能用that作為定語從句的關系代詞的情況
a） 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b） 在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時，只用that，不用which。
c） 先行詞有the only, the very修飾時，只用that。
d） 先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時，只用that。.
e） 先行詞既有人，又有物時。例如：
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油問題。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那賊最終把偷的全部東西交給了警察。
19. 狀語從句
19.1 地點狀語從句
地點狀語從句通常由where, wherever 引導。例如：
Where I live there are plenty of trees. 我住的地方樹很多。
Wherever I am I will be thinking of you. 不管我在哪里我都會想到你。
19.2 方式狀語從句
方式狀語從句通常由as, （just） as…so…, as if, as though引導。
1）as, （just） as…so…引導的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在（just） as…so…結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如…"，"就像"，多用于正式文體。例如：
Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。
As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水。
Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.
正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。
2）as if, as though
兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛……似的"，"好像……似的"。例如：
They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. 他們完全忽略了這些事實，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）
He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting. 他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）
It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看來天氣很快就會好起來。（實現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。）
說明：as if / as though也可以引導一個分詞短語、不定式短語或無動詞短語。例如：
He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的。
He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波濤沖擊著巖石，好像很憤怒。
19.3 原因狀語從句
比較because, since, as和for：
1）because語勢最強，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。當原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。例如：
I didn't go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因為我怕。
Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天氣那么糟，旅行推遲了。
2）由because引導的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。例如：
He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因為他病了。
He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。
19.4 目的狀語從句
表示目的狀語的從句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導。例如：
You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必須大點聲，別人就能聽見了。
He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it. 他寫下了這個名字以免以后忘記。
Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿點衣服，以防天發(fā)冷。
19.5 結(jié)果狀語從句
結(jié)果狀語從句常由so…that 或 such…that引導。so…that與such…that之間可以轉(zhuǎn)換。例如：
The boy is so young that he can't go to school. 這男孩年齡太小，不能上學。
He is such a young boy that he can't go to school
19.6 條件狀語從句
連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引導的條件句有真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種。非真實條件句已在虛擬語氣中闡述。
unless = if not. 例如：
Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 如果不太累，我們?nèi)ド⑸⒉健?/p>
If you are not too tied, let's go out for a walk.
典型例題
You will be late ___ you leave immediately.
A. unless B. until C. if D. or
答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否則你就回遲到的。可轉(zhuǎn)化為 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late。B、D句意不對，or表轉(zhuǎn)折，句子如為 You leave immediately or you will be late.
19.7 讓步狀語從句
1）though, although引導的讓步狀語從句，后面的從句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。例如：
Although it's raining, they are still working in the field. 雖然在下雨，但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫睢?/p>
He is very old, but he still works very hard. 雖然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。
Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 傷口雖愈合，但傷疤留下了。（諺語）
2） as, though 引導的讓步從句必須表語或狀語提前（形容詞、副詞、分詞、實義動詞提前）。例如：
Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.
雖然是個小孩，該做什么不做什么，他全知道。
3） ever if, even though 即使。例如：
We'll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天氣不好，我們也要去遠足。
4） whether…or… 不管……都。例如：
Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你，這確實是真的。
5） "no matter +疑問詞" 或"疑問詞+后綴ever" 。例如：
No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管發(fā)生什么，他不在意。
替換：no matter what = whatever
no matter who = whoever
no matter when = whenever
no matter where = wherever
no matter which = whichever
no matter how = however
注意：no matter 不能引導主語從句和賓語從句。
（錯）No matter what you say is of no use now.
（對）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。（Whatever you say是主語從句）
（錯）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given,
（對）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.囚犯們只能給什么吃什么。
19.8 比較while, when, as
1）as, when 引導短暫性動作的動詞。例如：
Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 我一剎車，有一個人向我走來。
2）當從句的動作發(fā)生于主句動作之前，只能用when 引導這個從句，不可用as 或 while。例如：
When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 趕完活后，你可以休息一下。
3）從句表示"隨時間推移"連詞能用as，不用when 或while。例如：
As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天過去，天氣越變越壞。
19.9 比較until和till
此兩個連詞意義相同。肯定形式表示的意思是"做某事直至某時"，動詞必須是延續(xù)性的。否定形式表達的意思是"直至某時才做某事"。動詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以。正確使用這兩個連詞的關鍵之一就在于判斷句中的動詞該用肯定式還是否定式。肯定句：I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜時醒了。
Wait till I call you. 等著我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如 Let's get in the wheat before the sun sets.）
否定句：She didn't arrive until 6 o'clock. 她直到6點才到。
Don't get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽車停穩(wěn)后再下車。
I didn't manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才會做。
區(qū)別：1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：
Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告訴我以前，出了什么事我一點也不知道。
2）until when 疑問句中，until要放在句首。例如：
---Until when are you staying? 你呆到什么時候？
--- Until next Monday. 呆到下周一。
注意：否定句可用另外兩種句式表示。
1）Not until…在句首，主句用倒裝。例如：
Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世紀初，人類才知道熱為何物。
Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到工作，才認識到我已蹉跎了幾多歲月。
2）It is not until… that… 。例如：
It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted.
19.10 表示"一…就…"的結(jié)構(gòu)
hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示"一…就…"的意思。例如：
I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 剛回家，就下起雨來了。
I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
As soon as I got home, it began to rain.
注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必須用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例如：
Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.
No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
20. 連詞
連詞不能獨立擔任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞，短語與短語以及句與句的作用。連詞主要可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用來連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, （and）then等等。
20.1 并列連詞與并列結(jié)構(gòu)
并列連詞引導兩個并列的詞、詞組或句子。
1） and 與or
判斷改錯：（錯）They sat down and talk about something.
（錯）They started to dance and sang.
（錯）I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.
（對）They sat down and talked about something.
（對）They started to dance and sing.
（對）I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there.
解析：第一句： and 連接兩個并列的謂語，所以 talk 應改為 talked。
第二句：and 連接兩個并列的動詞不定式，第二個不定式往往省略to，因此sang 應改為 sing。
第三句：and 連接感觀動詞saw 后面的用作的賓補的兩個并列分詞結(jié)構(gòu)，因此whisper應改為whispering。
注意：and 還可以和祈使句或名詞詞組連用表示條件。（or也有此用法）例如：
Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance. 拿定主意，這次你會有機會的。
= If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.
One more effort, and you'll succeed. 再努力一下，你會成功的。
= If you make one more effort, you'll succeed.
2） both…and 兩者都。例如：
She plays （both） the piano and the guitar. 她彈鋼琴，也彈吉他。
3） not only…but （also）, as well as不但…而且。例如：
She plays not only the piano, but （also） the guitar. 她不但彈鋼琴，也彈吉他。
注意：not only… but also 關聯(lián)兩個分句時，一個分句因有否定詞not 而必須倒裝。例如
Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.他不但喜歡讀小說，甚至還會寫。
4） neithe…nor 意思為"既不……也不……"謂語動詞采用就近原則，與nor后的詞保持一致。例如：
Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都不該受指責。
20.2 比較and和or
1） 并列結(jié)構(gòu)中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。
2） 但有時and 也可用于否定句。請注意其不同特點：
There is no air or water in the moon.
There is no air and no water on the moon.
在否定中并列結(jié)構(gòu)用or 連接，但含有兩個否定詞的句子實際被看作是肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，因此要用and。
典型例題
---I don't like chicken ___ fish.
---I don't like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.
A. and； and B. and； but C. or； but D. or；and
答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表轉(zhuǎn)折。
判斷改錯：（錯）We will die without air and water.
（錯）We can't live without air or water.
（對）We will die without air or water.
（對）We can't live without air and water.
20.3 表示選擇的并列結(jié)構(gòu)
1） or意思為"否則"。例如：
I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam. 我要努力學習，否則考試要不及格了。
2） either…or 意思為"或者……或者……"。注意謂語動詞的主謂一致采用就近原則。例如：
Either you or I am right. 不是你對，就是我對。
20.4 表示轉(zhuǎn)折或?qū)Ρ?/p>
1） but表示轉(zhuǎn)折，while表示對比。例如：
Some people love cats, while others hate them.有些人喜歡貓，而有些人不喜歡。
典型例題
--- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?
--- I'd like to, ___ I'm too busy.
A. and B. so C. as D. but
答案D。but與前面形成轉(zhuǎn)折，符合語意。而表并列的and， 結(jié)果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。
2） not…but… 意思為"不是…而是…"，后面的用詞要遵循一致原則。
They were not the bones of an animal, but （the bones） of a human being. 這些不是動物的骨頭，而是人的。
20.5 表原因關系
1） for是并列連詞，不能置于含兩個并列分句的句子的句首，只能將其放在兩個分句中間。
判斷改錯：（錯） For he is ill, he is absent today.
（對） He is absent today, for he is ill.
2） so為連詞, therefore一般為副詞。例如：
He hurt his leg, so he couldn't play in the game. 他的腿受傷了，不能上場。
I think; therefore I exist. 我思故我在。
20.6 比較so和 such
such 是形容詞，修飾名詞或名詞詞組，so是副詞，只能修飾形容詞或副詞。so 還可與表示數(shù)量的形容詞many，few，much， little連用，形成固定搭配。
so + adj. such + a（n） + n.
so + adj. + a（n） + n. such + n. （pl.）
so + adj. + n. （pl.） such +n. （pl.）
so + adj. + n. （不可數(shù)） such +n.（不可數(shù)）
so foolish such a fool
so nice a flower such a nice flower
so many/ few flowers such nice flowers
so much/ little money. such rapid progress
so many people such a lot of people
so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 雖相當于 many，但 a lot of 為名詞性的，只能用such搭配。so…that與such…that之間的轉(zhuǎn)換即為 so與such之間的轉(zhuǎn)換。
20.7 連詞和從句練習
1. I’d get it for you ______ I could remember who last borrowed the book.
a. on condition that b. now that c. except that d. considering that
2. The robber told him that he had better keep silent ______ he wanted to get into trouble
a. if b. unless c. otherwise d. whether
3. Strange ______ his behavior may be, there is a very good reason for it.
a. although b. even if c. that d. as
4. We are worried about our son because no one is aware ______ he has gone.
a. the place b. of where c. about the place d. where
5. The professor spoke in a loud voice ______ every one of us could hear him.
a. such that b. so c. so that d. such
6. When he just got off the plane, he gave us a good description of ______ in Spain.
a. what he had seen b. that he had seen c. which he had seen d. he had seen what
7. It is fitted with a small transformer, by means of ______ the voltage of the currency can be adjusted.
a. whom b. which c. what d. that
8. I don’t know why she’s looking at me ______ she knew me. I’ve never seen her before in my life.
a. as b. although c. even if d. as if
9. No sooner had he finished his speech ______ stormy applause broke out.
a. when b. then c. than d. as
10. It is hard to avoid mistakes. ______ you correct them conscientiously, it will be all right.
a. In the case b. As long as c. Although d. Despite
11. Geometry, ______ I know nothing, seems a very dull subject.
a. that b. about that c. which d. about which
12. The highest temperature ______ in any furnace on earth is about 10,000 centigrade.
a. we can get b. that we can get it c. which we can get it d. what we can get
13. We sent the horses to a considerable distance, ______ they should disturb the children.
a. less b. lest c. last d. least
14. Sound is conducted through steel in the same manner ______.
a. as in air b. as through air c. as air does d. like air
15. _____ he was putting on his uniform, the officer found that one of the sleeves was torn.
a. Since b. Unless c. As d. Before
16. The police finally caught up with the man ______ was the escaped prisoner.
a. who they thought b. whom they thought
c. they thought him d. that they thought him
17. ______ knows the name of this song will receive a prize from the radio station.
a. Whoever b. Those c. Whichever people d. Any people
18. ______ do you believe is not about to support our plan?
a. Whom b. Who c. Whomever d. Which
19. He didn’t know French, ______ made it difficult for him to study at a university in France.
a. that b. as c. this d. which
20. She is a fine singer, ______ her mother used to be
a. like b. that c. as d. which
21. ______, I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life.
a. Lover of towns I am b. As lover of towns
c. Lover of towns as am I d. Though am I the lover of towns
22. The rise of Davy was all the more brilliant in ______ he had not had much schooling.
a. which b. that c. what d. the way
23. She always takes careful notes in class ______ she may review them from time to time.
a. so that b. in order to c. because of d. rather than
24. The reason he was late is ______ his clock didn’t give the alarm.
a. because b. due to c. since d. that
25. ______ he was in error will scarcely be disputed by his warmest friends.
a. What b. That c. Which d. Though
26. I shall do the exercises ______ I have been taught.
a. such b. as c. what d. for
27. ______ is worth doing at all is worth doing well.
a. That b. Whatever c. Whichever d. However
28. She was so stubborn that she never listens to the advice ______.
a. that I give it to her b. which I give to her
c. what I give to her d. I give it to her
29. I was supposed to be a mathematics major, but I actually took ______ courses in physics, if not more.
a. so many b. as many c. a good many d. such many
30. Heat does not travel by convection in a solid, because the solid does not move, ______.
a. so does a liquid b. so a liquid does c. so is a liquid d. as does a liquid
31. He explained everything over again ______ anyone should misunderstand her.
a. since b. when c. lest d. as if
32. ______ convincing an argument is, it needs support of evidence.
a. Whatever b. However c. Although d. Even if
33. Earthworms occur ______ adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.
a. and b. however c. but d. wherever
34. ______ we gave him anything to eat, he would save it up for his little brother.
a. When b. That c. Whenever d. What
35. The reason I plan to go is ______ if I don’t.
a. because she will be disappointed b. because she will have a disappointment
c. that she will be disappointed d. for which she will be disappointed
36.The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things ______ to teach you the art of learning.
a. than b. rather than c. nor d. as
37. If the design was wrong, the project is bound to fail, ______ good all the other ideas might be.
a. whatever b. however c. whatsoever d. even
38. He gave ______ came to the store a pamphlet in which his products were described.
a. who b. those c. whom d. whoever
39. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication ______ the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.
a. in that b. in order that c. in which d. that
40. Fox was advised to give the assignment to _______ he believed had a strong sense of responsibility.
a. whom b. whomever c. whoever d. that
41. The chairman of the union made it clear at the meeting ______ he would not step down form his position as chairman.
a. in which b. where c. because d. that
42. ______ Ms. Wang reached the post-office, she discovered she had left the letter at home.
a. Just as b. Because c. As long as d. When as
43. The first step in preparing such a program is to draw a flow chart, ______ are shown opposite.
a. two examples of it b. two examples of which
c. whose two example d. which two examples
44. ______ the world began, nations have had difficulty in keeping peace with their neighbors.
a. Although b. When c. Until d. Ever since
45. ______ difficulties we may come across, we will help one another to get over them.
a. Whatever b. Whichever c. However d. What
46. He went to work so late ______ the manager had to send for him again before he arrived.
a. as b. that c. for d. when
47. ______ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine.
a. Until b. If c. Unless d. Provided
48. The rose may grow as a low bush or as a tree, depending on ______.
a. what it is trimmed b. how it trimmed c. that is trimmed d. how it is trimmed
49. Group work is a method of teaching ______ tasks and activities are carried out by small groups of pupils.
a. which b. that c. for which d. in that
50. Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time ______.
a. when he first introduced b. that he first introduced it
c. he first introduced d. which he first introduced it
51. Now we may be able to say ______ between music and noise or just sound.
a. what is the difference b. the difference is what
c. what the difference is c. that what the difference
52. Contrary to ______ I had expected, he lost for a second time.
a. that b. what c. which d. who
53. Professor Smith was so punctual ______, he always arrived to class just as the bell rang.
a. that the day he died b. until the day he died
c. that until the day he died d. until the day when he died
54. ______ he came to England to study, he didn’t know how to cook.
a. When b. since c. Until d. Unless
55. Although Mr smith is one of those teachers who appear to be friendly, ______ he is very hard to deal with.
a. but b. so c. so that d. yet
56. ______ a baby kangaroo is four months old does it begin to live outside its mother’s pouch.
a. Until b. Not until c. After d. Only until
57.The earliest kind of desk was a box that had a sloping lid _______ there was storage space for writing materials.
a. under that b. under which c. which d. that
58. I won’t lend any money to Joe because I am afraid ______ he will forget to pay it back.
a. if b. whether c. that d. of
59. ______ human beings depend to a great extent on forests, every effort must be made to preserve trees and wildlife.
a. If b. Unless c. Until d. Since
60. ______ he was caught cheating on the exam, Oliver had been considered to be an honest boy.
a. When b. After c. Although d. Before
61. Not long after Galileo’s time, Newton invented another kind of telescope ______ mirrors instead of lenses.
a. which used b. in which he used c. that he used d. in that he used
62. _____ him as a writer I don’t like him as a man.
a. Much I admire b. Much as I admire c. As much I admire d. As I admire much
63. I punish the child ______ he should make the same mistake again.
a. as be because c. lest d. unless
64. Hardly had the speaker begun to talk ______ were laughs.
a. when there b. than there c. than d. that
65. A joint is ______ permits the forward and backward movement of a door.
a. that b. whose c. those d. what
66. I am pleased with what you have told me and ______ you have given me.
a. all what b. all that c. which d. all whatever
67. ______ has recently been done to improve the conditions of elementary schools a great number of children are unable to go to school.
a. That b. What c. In spite of what d. Though what
68. Nuclear weapon is considered the most terrible weapon of war ______ man has invented.
a. which b. that c. as d. since
69. ______ he performed the task with success.
a. It was expected b. Which was expected
c. As was expected d. That was expected
70. The size of the audience, ______ I had expected, was well over ten thousand.
a. which b. that c. as d. whom
71. Not everybody could be expected to know all the answers, ______ some questions called for educated guesses rather than general knowledge.
a. as b. so c. such d. once
72. ______ you try, you’ll never lose your English accent.
a. No matter what b. How hard c. No matter how hard d. Whatever hard
73. ______ the bridge were packed with cars and buses, it could still carry twice the load.
a. Despite b. Provided c. Unless d. Even if
74. The airplane crashed and over a hundred passengers were killed, ______.
a. and that shocked the world b. and which shocked the world
c. this fact shocked the world d. which shocked the world
75. The time will surely come ______ ordinary people could operate computers as well.
a. while b. when c. as d. on which
76. This machine is new. ______, it is in excellent condition.
a. Furthermore b. However c. Otherwise d. but
77. This room had but a single window, ______ were kept closed when it was not in use.
a. which its shutters b. its shutters of which
c. the shutters of which d. which shutters
78. The old man is no coward; ______ he is a man of high spirits.
a. rather than b. on the contrary c. on the other hand d. at the same time
79. Satellite photographs can provide information on ______ rain are falling.
a. which where and how much b. where and how
c. where and how d. where and how much
80. Skiing is a sport ______ goes back 4,000 years.
a. and its b. whose history c. its history d. and which
81. They will be praised or blamed ______ their work is good or bad.
a. according as b. as for c. in as much as d. as regards
82. The story of his upbringing is shocking ______.
a. to all that read it b. to all who reads it c. to all which read it d. to all who read it
83. You should get the license in two weeks; ______, you’ll have to pay a fine.
a. yet b. still c. or d. consequently
84. I had hardly reached the airport ______ he started for his destination.
a. then b. when c. the moment d. than
85. He had a large collection of books, ______ are written in foreign languages.
a. many b. many ones of which c. many of which d. many in which
86. The book is for the students ______ native language is not Chinese to study in a Chinese college or university.
a. their b. that c. whose d. of whom
87. Geologists cannot accurately predict ______ the live volcano will erupt again.
a. when b. which c. is that d. and when
88. ______ said under oath was disputed by several other witness.
a. It is the man b. What the man c. That the man d. The man has
89. ______ I was going to college, I was also working as a waitress on weekends.
a. During the time that b. At the moment that
c. In spite of the fact that d. On the ground that
90. it is a good idea to take a first-aid kit ______ there is an accident.
a. in case b. in the event of c. in condition d. but that
91. The strength of the new material is ______ it can stand heavy loads at high temperature.
a. that b. such that c. what d. so that
92. That’s the doctor ______ on the seriously wounded man.
a. who he operated b. that he operated
c. who operated d. that operated him
93. _____ , the problem can be solved in only 2 hours with an electronic computer.
a. Complicated though it is b. Though is it complicated
c. As it is complicated d. Complicated as it is
94. He burned all the important documents ______ that they should fall into the enemy’s hands.
a. unless b. so b. lest d. for fear
95. His office on the fortieth floor of a skyscraper in the center of New York City is the world ______.
a. that he works b. which he works c. he works in c. he works
96. With the introduction of the electronic computer, there are no complicated problem ______ can be solved.
a. that b. as c. but d. which
97. ______ all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists.
a. Nearly b. That nearly c. It is nearly d. When nearly
98. In the testing period, the students spent ______ much time in the classroom on mathematics ______ they spent on any other subject.
a. as, as b. as, that c. so, that d. such, that
99. Our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same ______.
a. like theirs b. as they c. as theirs d. as them
100. The audience, ______ enjoyed the performance.
a. most of them were students b. most of whom were students
c. whom they were students d. they were mostly students
101. ______ steel is stronger than iron, men are able to make steel pipes with larger diameters.
a. While b. If c. Unless d. As
102. Mr. Chen said that he would be punctual for the appointment, ______ he were late?
a. but what if b. how about c. so what d. and what about
103. Mrs. Lee will move into her new house next Monday, ______ it will be completely furnished.
a. by which time b. by the time c. by that time d. by some time
104. I have little doubt about his competence; ______ he is well-qualified for the job.
a. although b. because c. moreover d. yet
105. The quantum theory states ______, such as light, is given off and absorbed in tiny definite units called quanta or protons.
a. energy that b. that it is energy c. it is energy d. that energy
106. ______ to space travelers is high acceleration or deceleration forces.
a. Danger can be b. They can be dangerous
c. What can be dangerous d. While danger
107. ______ these questions may sound academic, answers to them could have profound economic and political significance.
a. Since b. If c. While d. Lest
108. A body weighs ______ from the surface of the Earth.
a. less the farther it gets b. the farther it gets
c. less than it gets farther d. less than it, the farther it gets
109. ______ it is you’ve found, you must give it back to the person it belongs to.
a. That b. Because c. Whatever d. However
110. ______ is often the case with a new idea much preliminary activity and optimistic discussion produce no concrete proposals.
a. That b. It c. Which d. As
111. Angiosperms inhabit relatively diverse environments and may be found ______ higher plants can survive.
a. there b. wherever c. somewhere d. anywhere
112. Without facts, we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge ______ our thinking.
a. upon which to base b. which to base upon
c. which to be based on d. to which to be based
113. Twelve is to six ______ two is to one.
a. what b. which c. that d. when
114. ______, she knows French well.
a. A child as she is b. Child as she is c. As she is a child d. The child as she is
115. ______, they could find nobody in the house.
a. As they would search b. Would as they search
c. Search as they would d. They would search as
連詞和從句練習答案
1 A 19 D 37 B 55 D 73 D 91 B 109 C
2 B 20 C 38 D 56 B 74 D 92 C 110 D
3 D 21 A 39 A 57 B 75 B 93 D 111 B
4 B 22 B 40 C 58 C 76 A 94 D 112 A
5 C 23 A 41 D 59 D 77 C 95 C 113 A
6 A 24 D 42 A 60 D 78 B 96 C 114 B
7 B 25 B 43 B 61 B 79 D 97 B 115 C
8 D 26 B 44 D 62 B 80 B 98 A 116
9 C 27 B 45 A 63 C 81 A 99 C 117
10 B 28 B 46 B 64 A 82 A 100 B 118
11 D 29 B 47 C 65 D 83 C 101 D 119
12 A 30 D 48 D 66 B 84 B 102 A 120
13 B 31 C 49 D 67 C 85 C 103 A 121
14 B 32 B 50 B 68 B 86 C 104 C 122
15 C 33 D 51 C 69 C 87 A 105 D 123
16 A 34 C 52 B 70 C 88 B 106 C 124
17 A 35 C 53 C 71 A 89 A 107 C 125
18 B 36 D 54 C 72 C 90 A 108 A 126
責任編輯：李芳芳