非謂語動詞復習(一)
類 別 成分 功 能
不
定
式 主語 表句子說的什么(指具體動作),常用it形式主語,不定式放在句末。For/of+邏輯主語
賓語 動作的對象(具體含義),謂語動詞的要求,一般表示稍后于謂語的動作,表示個性動作。
表語 表示主語的內容或表示即將發生的動作,常在hope, wish, job, duty后。可省略 to.
賓補 表示賓語要做的動作活動作已經結束或經常性的動作,強調事實,省不省to看動詞。
定語 表示要做的事(尚未發生),常與名詞有動賓關系(即被動關系),不及物動詞加介詞,后置。
狀語 表示目的(多前置),結果,原因等(多后置)。
動
名
詞 主語 表示句子要說的什么(抽象動作),很少用形式主語it,只限幾個特殊句型中。
賓語 表示動作的對象(抽象動作),還可做介詞的賓語(注意to后動詞變化),動詞的要求。
表語 表示主語的內容,主語常用hope, wish, job, duty, task, etc. 和不定式有具體和抽象之分。
定語 表示名詞的用途、性能。
現
在
分
詞 表語 表示主語的特征(主動概念,主語多是物)或和助動詞be構成進行時態表示動作。
賓補 表示賓語正在做的動作,主動關系,強調情景。
狀語 時間條件(在分詞前加when, while, if)、伴隨(句末)、補充說明(句中);與主語主動關系。
定語 表示名詞性質、特征或表示名詞所做的動作(多表示進行、主動)。
過
去
分
詞 表語 說明主語的狀態(被動概念,主語多是人)或和助動詞be構成被動語態表被動。
賓補 表示被動、完成或說明賓語的狀態,強調結果。
狀語 表示原因、條件(句首),伴隨(句末);與句子的主語是被動關系。
定語 表示動作已經完成或被動的。和現在分詞一樣,單個置前,詞組置后。
一、不定式與動名詞做主語:
1、動名詞做主語往往表示普通的、一般的行為,不定式做主語常表示某次具體的行為。例如:
Collecting information about children’s health is his job. 收集有關兒童健康的信息是他的工作。
It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 與一位有經驗的老師討論這個問題是有必要的。
2、常用不定式做主語的句型有:
(1)It’s difficult (important, necessary) for sb. to do
(2)It’s kind (good, friendly, polite, careless, rude, cruel, clever, foolish, brave) of sb. to do.
3、常用動名詞做主語的句型有:
It’s no good (use, fun, joy) doing.
It’s (a) waste of time doing.
It’s worth while(worth, good, nice, interesting, useless) doing.
二、不定式、動名詞、分詞做表語:
1、不定式做表語常表示謂語動詞所表示動作之后發生的動作。
His teaching aim of this class is to train the students’ speaking ability. 他這節課的教學目的是要訓練學生說的能力。
2、動名詞做表語是對主語內容的解釋,這時主語與表語位置可以互換,動名詞常用于口語中。
Its full-time job is laying eggs.
它的(指蟻后)的專職工作是產卵。
3、現在分詞做表語表示主語的性質與特征;進行時表示正在進行的動作。
The task of this class is practising the idioms.
(現在分詞做表語)
With the help of the teacher, the students are practising the idioms. (現在進行時)
4、常用作表語的現在分詞有:interesting, amusing, disappointing, missing, puzzling, exciting, inspiring, following等。現在分詞表示進行與主動。
The joke is amusing .這笑話很逗人。
The problem is puzzling. 這個問題令人不解。
5、過去分詞作表語表示主語所處的被動狀態或完成某動作的狀態。而被動語態表示主語所承受的動作。
The village is surrounded by high mountains.
(過去分詞做表語)
The enemy was surrounded by the Red Army.(被動語態)
He is well educated.(過去分詞做表語)
He has been educated in this college for three years.
(被動語態)
常用在句中做表語的過去分詞有:
used, closed, covered, interested, followed, satisfied, surrounded, done, lost, decided, prepared, saved, shut, won, completed, crowded, dressed, wasted, broken, married, unexpected等。
6、注意如下動詞的現在分詞與過去分詞用法不同:
interest(使…感興趣),surprise(使…吃驚),
frighten(使…害怕),excite(使…興奮),tire(使…疲勞),please(使…滿意),puzzle(使…迷惑不解),
satisfy(使…滿意),amuse(使…娛樂),
disappoint(使…失望),inspire(使…歡欣鼓舞),
worry(使…憂慮)
它們的現在分詞常修飾物(有時修飾人),表示主動,過去分詞常修飾人,表示被動(包括某人的look、voice等)。例如:
Climbing is tiring. 爬山很累人。
They are very tired. 他們很疲勞
After hearing the exciting news, he gave a speech in an excited voice.
三、不定式與動名詞做賓語:
1、下列動詞跟不定式做賓語:
want, wish, hope, expect, ask, pretend, care, decide, happen, long, offer, refuse, fail, plan, prepare, order, cause, afford, beg, manage, agree, promise等。
2、在下列動詞或動詞短語后用動名詞做賓語:
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, appreciate, be busy, be worth, feel like, can’t stand, can’t help, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from), keep…from, stop…(from), protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on等。
3、在forget, remember, stop, regret, try, mean等動詞后跟不定式與動名詞意義不同,不定式表示謂語動詞之后的動作,而動名詞表示的動作發生在謂語動詞之前,常用一般式doing代替完成式having done.
He forgot to tell me to post the letter.(他忘了叫我發信。)
I shall never forget finding that rare stamp on an ordinary envelope. 我永遠也忘不了在一個普通信封上發現了那枚珍貴的郵票。
Remember to write to us when you get there.
到那里,記得給我們寫信。
I don’t remember meeting him. 我不記得見過他。
I regret to tell you that I can’t go to your birth-day party.
我很遺憾告訴你我不能去參加你的生日晚會了。
They regretted agreeing to the plan.
他們后悔同意這個計劃。
He tried to pretend to share in the pleasure with his friend. 他盡力假裝與朋友分享歡樂。
She tried reading a novel, but that couldn’t make her forget her sorrow.
她試著看看小說,但也不能使她忘記傷心事。
I didn’t mean to hurt you. 我沒有企圖傷害你。
A friend indeed means helping others for nothing in return. 真正的朋友意指不圖回報地幫助別人。
4、動名詞作need, want, require, be worth的賓語時,用主動式代替被動式。
The washing-machine needs repairing.
(或用:needs to be repaired)這臺洗衣機需要修理。
The point wants referring to. 這一點要提到。
This English novel is worth reading.
這本英文小說值得一讀。
The situation in Russian required studying.
俄國形式需要研究。
★ 四、非謂語動詞在句中做賓語補足語:
1、以下動詞后跟不定式做賓語補足語:
ask, tell, beg, allow, want, like, hate, force, invite, persuade, advise, order, cause, encourage, wait for, call on, permit, forbid
The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days. 醫生囑咐他再臥床休息幾天。
We wish him to remain and accept the post. 我們希望他留下來接受這個職位。(注意hope后不跟不定式做賓補。)
2、有些動詞后的復合賓語用不帶“to“的不定式,這些動詞有:see, watch, notice, hear, feel, make, let, have等。例如:
We noticed him enter the house.
我們留意到他進了那所房子。
The boss made them work twelve hours a day.
老板讓他們一天干12小時工作。
注意: 當make、have不做“迫使、讓”講,而做“制造、有”解時,跟帶有to的不定式做狀語。
Mother made a cake to celebrate his birthday.
媽媽做了一個蛋糕給他慶賀生日。
He had a meeting to attend. 他有個會要開。
3、下列動詞后的復合賓語用分詞做賓補:see, watch, notice, observe, hear, feel, make, set, have, leave, keep, find等。用現在分詞還是用過去分詞做賓補,要看分詞與賓語的關系。例:
We heard him singing the song when we came in.
當我們進來的時候,聽見他正唱那首歌。
We have heard the song sung twice.
我們聽過這首歌唱過兩遍了。
★ 五、非謂語動詞在句中做定語:
1、不定式做定語放在所修飾的名詞后,表示在謂語動詞之后發生的動作或過去的某一特定動作。例如:
He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do.
他沒有房子住卻有好多活要干。
Our monitor is the first to arrive. 我們班長是第一個到的。
2、動名詞與現在分詞做定語的區別:
動名詞做定語說明所修飾名詞的用途;現在分詞做定語,表示所修飾名詞進行的動作。
a walking stick 拐杖
(動名詞做定語,意為a stick for walking)
a sleeping car 臥鋪車廂
(動名詞做定語,意為a car for sleeping)
the rising sun 正在升起的太陽
(現在分詞做定語,意為the sun which was rising)
the changing world 變化中的世界
(現在分詞做定語,意為the world which is changing)
3、現在分詞與過去分詞做定語的區別:過去分詞做定語表示完成或被動的動作,現在分詞做定語表示主動或進行的動作。如:
a piece of disappointing news 使人失望的消息
(意同a piece of news which disappointed us)
in the following years 在后來的幾年中
(意同in the years that followed)
a well dressed woman 衣著講究的女士
(意同a woman who is dressed well)
a car parked at the gate 停在門口的小汽車
(意同a car which was parked at the gate)
★ 六、非謂語動詞在句中做狀語:
1、不定式做狀語,只表示目的、結果或原因:
He hurried home only to find his money stolen.
他匆忙趕到家中,發現錢被盜了。(結果狀語)
To make himself heard, he raised his voice.
為了被聽清楚,他提高了嗓門。(目的狀語)
All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress.
看到他的進步,我們都很吃驚。(原因狀語)
2、分詞做狀語可表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨、讓步、方式:
Seen from the top of the hill, the town is beautiful.
從山上看,這座城市很美。(條件狀語)
Coming into the room, he found his father angry.
當走進房間時,他發現父親生氣了。(時間狀語)
Being tired, they went on working.
雖然累了,但他們繼續工作。(讓步狀語)
Having been hit by the big boy on the nose, the little boy began to cry.
由于被大孩子打了鼻子,那個小男孩哭了。(原因狀語)
He put a finger in his mouth, tasted it and smiled, looking rather pleased. (伴隨狀語)
他把一個手指放進嘴里,嘗了嘗,笑了,看起來挺高興。
3. 分詞做狀語的四大注意事項:
(1).現在分詞與過去分詞作狀語的區別: 一般來說, 現在分詞表 示主動、進行; 過去分詞表示被動、完成. 試比較:
The enemy fled in a panic ,leaving behind a lot of dead bodies and weapons.
Defeated and frightened , the enemy fled in a panic.
[分析]: 前一例中的現在分詞短語在句子中做伴隨狀語,它與其邏輯主語the enemy之間為主動關系;后一句中的過去分詞defeated 和frightened 表原因,它與其邏輯主語the enemy 之間為被動關系.
(2) 關于邏輯主語的問題: 分詞作狀語時,一般情況下,其邏輯主語應與主句的主語保持一致.如:
Comparing all the great people with each other, you’ll find that they have much in common.
Compared with him, you are luckier.
Finding her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help .(上海 2001,28)
Having suffered from hear trouble for years , Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.
(上海 2001春,38)
Having suffered such heavy pollution already , it may now be too late to clean up the river.(NMET 2001,35)
[分析]:前四例中, 分詞的邏輯主語均為主句的主語.最后一例中,have suffered 的邏輯主語是the river ,并不是主句的主語it .這種用法極為少見,有的語法家稱其為垂懸分詞,我們在學習中不宜模仿.
(3) 分詞的否定式基本結構是:not + doing / done, 無論在完成式還是被動式里,not 必須置于分詞之前.如:
Not having finished his homework, the boy was still doing it in the classroom.
(4) 分詞(短語)的功能有時相當于一個狀語從句.根據這個性質,我們在使用分詞作狀語時,切記:
A. 不要在前面或后面的句子前用并列連詞but, and, so連接
Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, so you’ll fell very comfortable .(X)
[分析]:如前所述,現在分詞短語相當于一個狀語從句,所以后半句中的連詞so 的使用是錯誤的,應該去掉.原句應改為:
Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn , you’ll fell very comfortable.
B. 可在前面加上though, even if, if, whether, once, until, on, when, while, (較常見) after, before, since, whenever,以示含義更加明確。 如:
When telephoning in London numbers from abroad, dial 1, not 01.
C. 可在前面加上thus 以示強調
It rained heavily, thus causing severe flooding in the country.
七. 某些分詞固定詞組
generally speaking / considering / judging by (from)
Judging by his accent, he must be from Guangdong.
Generally speaking, the conference is quite successful.
八.獨立主格結構
在用分詞作狀語時,它邏輯上的主語要和句子的主語一致。但有時也可以有自己獨立的邏輯主語,由代詞或名詞的主格擔任,稱為獨立主格結構。
1. 代詞或名詞主格+分詞
Weather permitting, we’ll go by boat.
The boy turned to the man, his eyes opened wide.
2. with+賓語+分詞
In parts of Asia you must not sit with your feet pointing at any other person.
He stood for a moment with his eyes fixed on the apple.
責任編輯:李芳芳